NAME
    sort - sort a copy of a list or matrix

SYNOPSIS
    sort(x)

TYPES
    x		list or matrix

    return	same type as x

DESCRIPTION
    For a list or matrix x, sort(x) returns a list or
    matrix y of the same size as x in which the elements
    have been sorted into order completely or partly determined by
    a user-defined function precedes(a,b), or if this has not been
    defined, by a default "precedes" function which for numbers or
    strings is as equivalent to (a < b).   More detail on this default
    is given below.  For most of the following discussion
    it is assumed that calling the function precedes(a,b) does not
    change the value of either a or b.

    If x is a matrix, the matrix returned by sort(x) has the same
    dimension and index limits as x, but for the sorting, x is treated
    as a one-dimensional array indexed only by the double- bracket
    notation.	Then for both lists and matrices, if x has size n, it
    may be identified with the array:

		(x[[0]], x[[1]], ..., x[[n-1]])

    which we will here display as:

		(x_0, x_1, ..., x_n-1).

    The value y = sort(x) will similarly be identified with:

		(y_0, y_1, ..., x_n-1),

    where, for some permutation p() of the integers (0, 1, ..., n-1):

		y_p(i) = x_i.

    In the following i1 and i2 will be taken to refer to different
    indices for x, and j1 and j2 will denote p(i1) and p(i2).

    The algorithm for evaluating y = sort(x) first makes a copy of x;
    x remains unchanged, but the copy may be considered as a first
    version of y.  Successive values a in this y are read and compared
    with earlier values b using the integer-valued function precedes();
    if precedes(a,b) is nonzero, which we may consider as "true",
    a is "moved" to just before b; if precedes(a,b) is zero, i.e. "false",
    a remains after b.	Until the sorting is completed, other similar
    pairs (a,b) are compared and if and only if precedes(a,b) is true,
    a is moved to before b or b is moved to after a.  We may
    say that the intention of precedes(a,b) being nonzero is that a should
    precede b, while precedes(a,b) being zero intends that the order
    of a and b is to be as in the original x.  For any integer-valued
    precedes() function, the algorithm will return a result for sort(x),
    but to guarantee fulfilment of the intentions just described,
    precedes() should satisfy the conditions:

    (1) For all a, b, c, precedes(a,b) implies precedes(a,c) || precedes (c,b),

    (2) For all a, b, precedes(a,b) implies !precedes(b,a).

    Condition (1) is equivalent to transitivity of !precedes():

    (1)' For all a,b,c, !precedes(a,b) && !precedes(b,c) implies !precedes(a,c).

    (1) and (2) together imply transitivity of precedes():

    (3) For all a,b,c, precedes(a,b) && precedes(b,c) implies precedes(a,c).

    Condition (2) expresses the obvious fact that if a and b are distinct
    values in x, there is no permutation in which every occurrence of
    a both precedes and follows every occurrence of b.

    Condition (1) indicates that if a, b, c occur
    in the order  b c a, moving a to before b or b to after a must change
    the order of either a and c or c and b.

    Conditions (2) and (3) together are not sufficient to ensure a
    result satisfying the intentions of nonzero and zero values of
    precedes() as described above.  For example, consider:

		precedes(a,b) = a is a proper divisor of b,

    and x = list(4, 3, 2).  The only pair for which precedes(a,b) is
    nonzero is (2,4),  but x cannot be rearranged so that 2 is before
    4 without changing the order of one of the pairs (4,3) and (3,2).

    If precedes() does not satisfy the antisymmetry condition (2),
    i.e. there exist a, b for which both precedes(a, b)
    and precedes(b, a), and if x_i1 = a, x_i2 = b, whether or
    not y_j1 precedes or follows y_j2 will be determined by the
    sorting algorithm by methods that are difficult to describe;
    such a situation may be acceptable to a user not concerned with
    the order of occurrences of a and b in the result.	To permit
    this, we may now describe the role of precedes(a,b) by the rules:

	precedes(a,b) && !precedes(b,a):  a is to precede b;

	!precedes(a,b) && !precedes(b,a):  order of a and b not to be changed;

	precedes(a,b) && precedes(b,a):	 order of a and b may be changed.

    Under the condition (1), the result of sort(x) will accord with these rules.

    Default precedes():

	If precedes(a,b) has not been defined by a define command,
	the effect is as if precedes(a,b) were determined by:

	If a and b are are not of the same type, they are ordered by

		null values < numbers < strings < objects.

	If a and b are of the same type, this type being
	null, numbers or strings, precedes(a,b) is given by (a < b).
	(If a and b are both null, they are considered to be equal, so
	a < b then returns zero.)  For null values, numbers and
	strings, this definition has the properties (1) and (2)
	discussed above.

	If a and b are both xx-objects, a < b is defined to mean
	xx_rel(a,b) < 0; such a definition does not
	necessarily give < the properties usually expected -
	transitivity and antisymmetry.	In such cases, sort(x)
	may not give the results expected by the "intentions" of
	the comparisons expressed by "a < b".

    In many sorting applications, appropriate precedes() functions
    have definitions equivalent to:

		define precedes(a,b) = (key(a) < key(b))

    where key() maps possible values to a set totally ordered by <.
    Such a precedes() function has the properties (1) and (2),
    so the elements of the result returned by sort(x) will be in
    nondecreasing order of their key-values, elements with equal keys
    retaining the order they had in x.

    For two-stage sorting where elements are first to be sorted by
    key1() and elements with equal key1-values then sorted by key2(),
    an appropriate precedes() function is given by:

	define precedes(a,b) = (key(a) < key(b)) ||
			(key(a) == key(b)) && (key2(a) < key2(b)).

    When precedes(a.b) is called, the addresses of a and b rather
    than their values are passed to the function.  This permits
    a and b to be changed when they are being compared, as in:

	define precedes(a,b) = ((a = round(a)) < (b = round(b)));

    (A more efficient way of achieving the same result would be to
    use sort(round(x)).)

    Examples of effects of various precedes functions for sorting
    lists of integers:

	a > b			Sorts into nonincreasing order.

	abs(a) < abs(b)		Sorts into nondecreasing order of
				absolute values, numbers with the
				same absolute value retaining
				their order.

	abs(a) <= abs(b)	Sorts into nondecreasing order of
				absolute values, possibly
				changing the order of numbers
				with the same absolute value.

	abs(a) < abs(b) || abs(a) == abs(b) && a < b
				Sorts into nondecreasing order of
				absolute values, numbers with the
				same absolute value being in
				nondecreasing order.

	iseven(a)		Even numbers in possibly changed order
				before odd numbers in unchanged order.

	iseven(a) && isoddd(b)	Even numbers in unchanged order before
				odd numbers in unchanged order.

	iseven(a) ? iseven(b) ? a < b : 1 : 0
				Even numbers in nondecreasing order
				before odd numbers in unchanged order.

	a < b && a < 10		Numbers less than 10 in nondecreasing
				order before numbers not less than 10
				in unchanged order.

	!ismult(a,b)		Divisors d of any integer i for which
				i is not also a divisor of d will
				precede occurrences of i; the order of
				integers which divide each other will
				remain the same; the order of pairs of
				integers neither of which divides the
				other may be changed.  Thus occurrences
				of 1 and -1 will precede all other
				integers; 2 and -2 will precede all
				even integers; the order of occurrences
				of 2 and 3 may change; occurrences of 0
				will follow all other integers.

	1			The order of the elements is reversed

EXAMPLES
    ; A = list(1, 7, 2, 4, 2)
    ; print sort(A)

    list (5 elements, 5 nonzero):
	  [[0]] = 1
	  [[1]] = 2
	  [[2]] = 2
	  [[3]] = 4
	  [[4]] = 7

    ; B = list("pear", 2, null(), -3, "orange", null(), "apple", 0)
    ; print sort(B)

    list (8 elements, 7 nonzero):
	  [[0]] = NULL
	  [[1]] = NULL
	  [[2]] = -3
	  [[3]] = 0
	  [[4]] = 2
	  [[5]] = "apple"
	  [[6]] = "orange"
	  [[7]] = "pear"

    ; define precedes(a,b) = (iseven(a) && isodd(b))
    ; print sort(A)

    list (5 elements, 5 nonzero):
	  [[0]] = 2
	  [[1]] = 4
	  [[2]] = 2
	  [[3]] = 1
	  [[4]] = 7

LIMITS
    none

LINK LIBRARY
    none

SEE ALSO
    join, reverse

## Copyright (C) 1999  Landon Curt Noll
##
## Calc is open software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
## the terms of the version 2.1 of the GNU Lesser General Public License
## as published by the Free Software Foundation.
##
## Calc is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
## ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
## or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.	 See the GNU Lesser General
## Public License for more details.
##
## A copy of version 2.1 of the GNU Lesser General Public License is
## distributed with calc under the filename COPYING-LGPL.  You should have
## received a copy with calc; if not, write to Free Software Foundation, Inc.
## 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA.
##
## Under source code control:	1995/07/09 19:41:26
## File existed as early as:	1995
##
## chongo <was here> /\oo/\	http://www.isthe.com/chongo/
## Share and enjoy!  :-)	http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/calc/
