Closure expressions - The Rust Reference

# Closure expressions

> Syntax
> ClosureExpression :
> `move`?
> ( `||` | `|` FunctionParameters? `|` )
> (Expression | `->` TypeNoBounds BlockExpression)

A closure expression defines a closure and denotes it as a value, in a single expression. A closure expression is a pipe-symbol-delimited (`|`) list of irrefutable patterns followed by an expression. Type annotations may optionally be added for the type of the parameters or for the return type. If there is a return type, the expression used for the body of the closure must be a normal block. A closure expression also may begin with the `move` keyword before the initial `|`.

A closure expression denotes a function that maps a list of parameters (`ident_list`) onto the expression that follows the `ident_list`. The patterns in the `ident_list` are the parameters to the closure. If a parameter's types is not specified, then the compiler infers it from context. Each closure expression has a unique anonymous type.

Closure expressions are most useful when passing functions as arguments to other functions, as an abbreviation for defining and capturing a separate function.

Significantly, closure expressions capture their environment, which regular function definitions do not. Without the `move` keyword, the closure expression infers how it captures each variable from its environment, preferring to capture by shared reference, effectively borrowing all outer variables mentioned inside the closure's body. If needed the compiler will infer that instead mutable references should be taken, or that the values should be moved or copied (depending on their type) from the environment. A closure can be forced to capture its environment by copying or moving values by prefixing it with the `move` keyword. This is often used to ensure that the closure's type is `'static`.

The compiler will determine which of the closure traits the closure's type will implement by how it acts on its captured variables. The closure will also implement `Send` and/or `Sync` if all of its captured types do. These traits allow functions to accept closures using generics, even though the exact types can't be named.

In this example, we define a function `ten_times` that takes a higher-order function argument, and we then call it with a closure expression as an argument, followed by a closure expression that moves values from its environment.

    # #![allow(unused_variables)]
    #fn main() {
    fn ten_times<F>(f: F) where F: Fn(i32) {
        for index in 0..10 {
            f(index);
        }
    }

    ten_times(|j| println!("hello, {}", j));
    // With type annotations
    ten_times(|j: i32| -> () { println!("hello, {}", j) });

    let word = "konnichiwa".to_owned();
    ten_times(move |j| println!("{}, {}", word, j));
    #}