Installation on Linux — Nextcloud 15 Administration Manual 15 documentation

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# Installation on Linux

If there are no packages for your Linux distribution, you have the option to install Snap Packages. See Installing via Snap packages

In case you prefer installing from the source tarball, you can setup Nextcloud from scratch using a classic LAMP stack (Linux, Apache, MySQL/MariaDB, PHP). This document provides a complete walk-through for installing Nextcloud on Ubuntu 18.04 LTS Server with Apache and MariaDB, using the Nextcloud .tar archive.

Note

Admins of SELinux-enabled distributions such as CentOS, Fedora, and Red Hat Enterprise Linux may need to set new rules to enable installing Nextcloud. See SELinux configuration tips for a suggested configuration.

## Installing on Windows (virtual machine)

If you are using Windows, the easiest way to get Nextcloud up and running is using a virtual machine (VM). There are two options:

- Enterprise/SME appliance

Nextcloud GmbH maintains a free appliance built on the Univention Corporate Server (UCS) with easy graphical setup and web-based administration. It includes user management via LDAP, can replace an existing Active Directory setup and has optional ONLYOFFICE and Collabora Online integration, with many more applications available for easy and quick install.

It can be installed on hardware or ran in a virtual machine using VirtualBox, VMWare (ESX) and KVM images.

Download the the Appliance here:

- Univention Corporate Server (UCS)

- Home User/SME appliance

The Nextcloud VM is maintained by T&M Hansson IT and several different versions are offered. Collabora, OnlyOffice, Full Text Search and other apps can easily be installed with the included scripts which you can choose to run during the first setup, or download them later and run it afterwards. You can find all the currently available automated app installations on GitHub.

The VM is made with VMware version 10 and it comes in different sizes and versions:

- 40 GB (Hyper-V)
- 500 GB (VMware & VirtualBox)
- 1 TB (VMware & VirtualBox)
- 2 TB (VMware & VirtualBox)

You can find all the different version here.

For complete instructions and downloads see:

- Nextcloud VM (Github)
- Nextcloud VM (T&M Hansson IT)

Note

You can install the VM on several different operating systems as long as you can mount OVA, VMDK, or VHD/VHDX VM in your hypervisor. If you are using KVM then you need to install the VM from the scripts on Github. You can follow the instructions in the README.

## Installing via Snap packages

A snap is a zip file containing an application together with its dependencies, and a description of how it should safely be run on your system, especially the different ways it should talk to other software. Most importantly snaps are designed to be secure, sandboxed, containerized applications isolated from the underlying system and from other applications.

To install the Nextcloud Snap Package, run the following command in a terminal:

    sudo snap install nextcloud

Note

The snapd technology is the core that powers snaps, and it offers a new way to package, distribute, update and run OS components and applications on a Linux system. See more about snaps on snapcraft.io.

## Prerequisites for manual installation

The Nextcloud .tar archive contains all of the required PHP modules. This section lists all required and optional PHP modules. Consult the PHP manual for more information on modules. Your Linux distribution should have packages for all required modules. You can check the presence of a module by typing `php -m | grep -i <module_name>`. If you get a result, the module is present.

Required:

- PHP (>= 7.0, 7.1 or 7.2)
- PHP module ctype
- PHP module curl
- PHP module dom
- PHP module GD
- PHP module iconv
- PHP module JSON
- PHP module libxml (Linux package libxml2 must be >=2.7.0)
- PHP module mbstring
- PHP module openssl
- PHP module posix
- PHP module session
- PHP module SimpleXML
- PHP module XMLReader
- PHP module XMLWriter
- PHP module zip
- PHP module zlib

Database connectors (pick the one for your database:)

- PHP module pdo_sqlite (>= 3, usually not recommended for performance reasons)
- PHP module pdo_mysql (MySQL/MariaDB)
- PHP module pdo_pgsql (requires PostgreSQL >= 9.0)

Recommended packages:

- PHP module fileinfo (highly recommended, enhances file analysis performance)
- PHP module bz2 (recommended, required for extraction of apps)
- PHP module intl (increases language translation performance and fixes sorting of non-ASCII characters)

Required for specific apps:

- PHP module ldap (for LDAP integration)
- PHP module smbclient (SMB/CIFS integration, see SMB/CIFS)
- PHP module ftp (for FTP storage / external user authentication)
- PHP module imap (for external user authentication)

Recommended for specific apps (optional):

- PHP module exif (for image rotation in pictures app)
- PHP module gmp (for SFTP storage)

For enhanced server performance (optional) select one of the following memcaches:

- PHP module apcu (>= 4.0.6)
- PHP module memcached
- PHP module redis (>= 2.2.6, required for Transactional File Locking)

See Memory caching to learn how to select and configure a memcache.

For preview generation (optional):

- PHP module imagick
- avconv or ffmpeg
- OpenOffice or LibreOffice

For command line processing (optional):

- PHP module pcntl (enables command interruption by pressing `ctrl-c`)

You don’t need the WebDAV module for your Web server (i.e. Apache’s `mod_webdav`), as Nextcloud has a built-in WebDAV server of its own, SabreDAV. If `mod_webdav` is enabled you must disable it for Nextcloud. (See Apache Web server configuration for an example configuration.)

## Example installation on Ubuntu 18.04 LTS server

On a machine running a pristine Ubuntu 18.04 LTS server, you have two options:

You can either install the Nextcloud Snap Package, just run the following command in a terminal:

    sudo snap install nextcloud

Or you can use .deb packages to install the required and recommended modules for a typical Nextcloud installation, using Apache and MariaDB, by issuing the following commands in a terminal:

    apt-get install apache2 mariadb-server libapache2-mod-php7.2
    apt-get install php7.2-gd php7.2-json php7.2-mysql php7.2-curl php7.2-mbstring
    apt-get install php7.2-intl php-imagick php7.2-xml php7.2-zip

- This installs the packages for the Nextcloud core system. `libapache2-mod-php7.2` provides the following PHP extensions:

      bcmath bz2 calendar Core ctype date dba dom ereg exif fileinfo filter ftp gettext
      hash iconv libxml mhash openssl pcre Phar posix Reflection session shmop SimpleXML
      soap sockets SPL standard sysvmsg sysvsem sysvshm tokenizer wddx xmlreader xmlwriter zlib .

  If you are planning on running additional apps, keep in mind that they might require additional packages. See Prerequisites for manual installation for details.

- At the installation of the MySQL/MariaDB server, you will be prompted to create a root password. Be sure to remember your password as you will need it during Nextcloud database setup.

Now download the archive of the latest Nextcloud version:

- Go to the Nextcloud Download Page.

- Go to Download Nextcloud Server > Download > Archive file for server owners and download either the tar.bz2 or .zip archive.

- This downloads a file named nextcloud-x.y.z.tar.bz2 or nextcloud-x.y.z.zip (where x.y.z is the version number).

- Download its corresponding checksum file, e.g. nextcloud-x.y.z.tar.bz2.md5, or nextcloud-x.y.z.tar.bz2.sha256.

- Verify the MD5 or SHA256 sum:

      md5sum -c nextcloud-x.y.z.tar.bz2.md5 < nextcloud-x.y.z.tar.bz2
      sha256sum -c nextcloud-x.y.z.tar.bz2.sha256 < nextcloud-x.y.z.tar.bz2
      md5sum  -c nextcloud-x.y.z.zip.md5 < nextcloud-x.y.z.zip
      sha256sum  -c nextcloud-x.y.z.zip.sha256 < nextcloud-x.y.z.zip

- You may also verify the PGP signature:

      wget https://download.nextcloud.com/server/releases/nextcloud-x.y.z.tar.bz2.asc
      wget https://nextcloud.com/nextcloud.asc
      gpg --import nextcloud.asc
      gpg --verify nextcloud-x.y.z.tar.bz2.asc nextcloud-x.y.z.tar.bz2

- Now you can extract the archive contents. Run the appropriate unpacking command for your archive type:

      tar -xjf nextcloud-x.y.z.tar.bz2
      unzip nextcloud-x.y.z.zip

- This unpacks to a single `nextcloud` directory. Copy the Nextcloud directory to its final destination. When you are running the Apache HTTP server you may safely install Nextcloud in your Apache document root:

      cp -r nextcloud /path/to/webserver/document-root

  where `/path/to/webserver/document-root` is replaced by the document root of your Web server:

      cp -r nextcloud /var/www

On other HTTP servers it is recommended to install Nextcloud outside of the document root.

## Example installation on CentOS 7 server

In this install tutorial we will be deploying CentOS 7.5, PHP 7.2, MariaDB, Redis as memcache and Nextcloud running on Apache.

Start off by installing a CentOS 7 minimal install. This should provide a sufficient platform to run a successful Nextcloud instance.

First install some dependencies you will be needing during installation, but which will also be useful in every day use situations:

    yum install -y epel-release yum-utils unzip curl wget \
    bash-completion policycoreutils-python mlocate bzip2

Now make sure your system is up to date:

    yum update -y

Apache:

    yum install -y httpd

Create a virtualhost file and add the following content to it:

    vi /etc/httpd/conf.d/nextcloud.conf

    <VirtualHost *:80>
      DocumentRoot /var/www/html/
      ServerName  your.server.com

    <Directory "/var/www/html/">
      Require all granted
      AllowOverride All
      Options FollowSymLinks MultiViews
    </Directory>
    </VirtualHost>

Make sure the apache web service is enabled and started:

    systemctl enable httpd.service
    systemctl start httpd.service

PHP:

Next install the PHP modules needed for this install. Remember, because this is a limited basic install, we only install the neccessary modules, not all of them. If you are making a more complete install, please refer to PHP module list at the top of this page.:

    yum install -y centos-release-scl
    yum install -y rh-php72 rh-php72-php rh-php72-php-gd rh-php72-php-mbstring \
    rh-php72-php-intl rh-php72-php-pecl-apcu rh-php72-php-mysqlnd rh-php72-php-pecl-redis \
    rh-php72-php-opcache rh-php72-php-imagick

Next you will need to create a few symlinks:

    ln -s /opt/rh/httpd24/root/etc/httpd/conf.d/rh-php72-php.conf /etc/httpd/conf.d/
    ln -s /opt/rh/httpd24/root/etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/15-rh-php72-php.conf /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/
    ln -s /opt/rh/httpd24/root/etc/httpd/modules/librh-php72-php7.so /etc/httpd/modules/

This next symlink will give you the opportunity to be able to invoke `php` from anywhere in terminal, including for `occ` commands:

    ln -s /opt/rh/rh-php72/root/bin/php /usr/bin/php

Database

As mentioned, we will be using MySQL/MariaDB as our database.:

    yum install -y mariadb mariadb-server

Make sure the database service is enabled to start at boot time.:

    systemctl enable mariadb.service
    systemctl start mariadb.service

After you have done this, make sure you create a database with a username and password so that Nextcloud will have access to it. In the docs, refer to the Database configuration part, specifically about MariaDB. There is a complete write-up on how to setup the database.

Installing Nextcloud

Nearly there, so keep at it, you are doing great!

Now download the archive of the latest Nextcloud version:

- Go to the Nextcloud Download Page.

- Go to Download Nextcloud Server > Download > Archive file for server owners and download either the tar.bz2 or .zip archive.

- This downloads a file named nextcloud-x.y.z.tar.bz2 or nextcloud-x.y.z.zip (where x.y.z is the version number).

- Download its corresponding checksum file, e.g. nextcloud-x.y.z.tar.bz2.md5, or nextcloud-x.y.z.tar.bz2.sha256.

- Verify the MD5 or SHA256 sum:

      md5sum -c nextcloud-x.y.z.tar.bz2.md5 < nextcloud-x.y.z.tar.bz2
      sha256sum -c nextcloud-x.y.z.tar.bz2.sha256 < nextcloud-x.y.z.tar.bz2
      md5sum  -c nextcloud-x.y.z.zip.md5 < nextcloud-x.y.z.zip
      sha256sum  -c nextcloud-x.y.z.zip.sha256 < nextcloud-x.y.z.zip

- You may also verify the PGP signature:

      wget https://download.nextcloud.com/server/releases/nextcloud-x.y.z.tar.bz2.asc
      wget https://nextcloud.com/nextcloud.asc
      gpg --import nextcloud.asc
      gpg --verify nextcloud-x.y.z.tar.bz2.asc nextcloud-x.y.z.tar.bz2

For the sake of the walk-through, we grabbed the latest version of Nextcloud in the form a zip file, confirmed the download with the above-mentioned command, and now we will extract it:

    unzip nextcloud-*.zip

Copy the content over to the root directory of your webserver. In our case, we are using apache so it will be `/var/www/html/`:

    cp -R nextcloud/ /var/www/html/

During the install process, no data folder is created, so we will create one manually to help with the installation wizard:

    mkdir /var/www/html/nextcloud/data

Make sure that apache has read and write access to the whole nextcloud folder:

    chown -R apache:apache /var/www/html/nextcloud

Restart apache:

    systemctl restart httpd.service

Create a firewall rule for access to apache:

    firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-service=http --permanent
    firewall-cmd --reload

Redis:

    yum install -y redis
    systemctl enable redis.service
    systemctl start redis.service

SELinux

Again, there is an extensive write-up done on SELinux which can be found at SELinux configuration, so if you are using SELinux in Enforcing mode, please run the commands suggested on that page. The following commands only refers to this tutorial:

    semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_rw_content_t '/var/www/html/nextcloud/data(/.*)?'
    semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_rw_content_t '/var/www/html/nextcloud/config(/.*)?'
    semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_rw_content_t '/var/www/html/nextcloud/apps(/.*)?'
    semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_rw_content_t '/var/www/html/nextcloud/.htaccess'
    semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_rw_content_t '/var/www/html/nextcloud/.user.ini'
    semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_rw_content_t '/var/www/html/nextcloud/3rdparty/aws/aws-sdk-php/src/data/logs(/.*)?'

    restorecon -R '/var/www/html/nextcloud/'

    setsebool -P httpd_can_network_connect on

If you need more SELinux configs, refer to the above-mentioned URL, return to this tutorial.

Once done with with SELinux, please head over to `http://your.server.com/nextcloud` and follow the steps as found Installation wizard, where it will explain to you exactly how to proceed with the final part of the install, which is done as admin user through your web browser.

Note

If you use this tutorial, and you see warnings in the web browser after installation about `OPcache` not being enabled or configured correctly, you need to make the suggested changes in `/etc/opt/rh/rh-php72/php.d/10-opcache.ini` for the errors to disappear. These warnings will be on the Admin page, under Basic settings.

Because we used `Redis` as a memcache, you will need a config similar to the following example in `/var/www/html/nextcloud/config/config.php` which is auto-generated when you run the online installation wizard mentioned earlier.

Example config:

    'memcache.distributed' => '\OC\Memcache\Redis',
    'memcache.locking' => '\OC\Memcache\Redis',
    'memcache.local' => '\OC\Memcache\APCu',
    'redis' => array(
      'host' => 'localhost',
      'port' => 6379,
        ),

Remember, this tutorial is only for a basic setup of Nextcloud on CentOS 7, with PHP 7.2. If you are going to use more features like LDAP or Single Sign On, you will need additional PHP modules as well as extra configurations. So please visit the rest of the Admin manual, Introduction, for detailed descriptions on how to get this done.

## Apache Web server configuration

On Debian, Ubuntu, and their derivatives, Apache installs with a useful configuration so all you have to do is create a `/etc/apache2/sites-available/nextcloud.conf` file with these lines in it, replacing the Directory and other filepaths with your own filepaths:

    Alias /nextcloud "/var/www/nextcloud/"

    <Directory /var/www/nextcloud/>
      Options +FollowSymlinks
      AllowOverride All

     <IfModule mod_dav.c>
      Dav off
     </IfModule>

     SetEnv HOME /var/www/nextcloud
     SetEnv HTTP_HOME /var/www/nextcloud

    </Directory>

Then enable the newly created site:

    a2ensite nextcloud.conf

### Additional Apache configurations

- For Nextcloud to work correctly, we need the module `mod_rewrite`. Enable it by running:

      a2enmod rewrite

  Additional recommended modules are `mod_headers`, `mod_env`, `mod_dir` and `mod_mime`:

      a2enmod headers
      a2enmod env
      a2enmod dir
      a2enmod mime

  If you’re running `mod_fcgi` instead of the standard `mod_php` also enable:

      a2enmod setenvif

- You must disable any server-configured authentication for Nextcloud, as it uses Basic authentication internally for DAV services. If you have turned on authentication on a parent folder (via e.g. an `AuthType Basic` directive), you can turn off the authentication specifically for the Nextcloud entry. Following the above example configuration file, add the following line in the `<Directory>` section:

      Satisfy Any

- When using SSL, take special note of the ServerName. You should specify one in the server configuration, as well as in the CommonName field of the certificate. If you want your Nextcloud to be reachable via the internet, then set both of these to the domain you want to reach your Nextcloud server.

- Now restart Apache:

      service apache2 restart

- If you’re running Nextcloud in a subdirectory and want to use CalDAV or CardDAV clients make sure you have configured the correct Service discovery URLs.

## Pretty URLs

Pretty URLs remove the `index.php`-part in all Nextcloud URLs, for example in sharing links like `https://example.org/nextcloud/index.php/s/Sv1b7krAUqmF8QQ`, making URLs shorter and thus prettier.

`mod_env` and `mod_rewrite` must be installed on your webserver and the `.htaccess` must be writable by the HTTP user. Then you can set in the `config.php` two variables:

    'overwrite.cli.url' => 'https://example.org/nextcloud',
    'htaccess.RewriteBase' => '/nextcloud',

if your setup is available on `https://example.org/nextcloud` or:

    'overwrite.cli.url' => 'https://example.org/',
    'htaccess.RewriteBase' => '/',

if it isn’t installed in a subfolder. Finally run this occ-command to update your .htaccess file:

    sudo -u www-data php /var/www/nextcloud/occ maintenance:update:htaccess

After each update, these changes are automatically applied to the `.htaccess`-file.

## Enabling SSL

Note

You can use Nextcloud over plain HTTP, but we strongly encourage you to use SSL/TLS to encrypt all of your server traffic, and to protect user’s logins and data in transit.

Apache installed under Ubuntu comes already set-up with a simple self-signed certificate. All you have to do is to enable the ssl module and the default site. Open a terminal and run:

    a2enmod ssl
    a2ensite default-ssl
    service apache2 reload

Note

Self-signed certificates have their drawbacks - especially when you plan to make your Nextcloud server publicly accessible. You might want to consider getting a certificate signed by a commercial signing authority. Check with your domain name registrar or hosting service for good deals on commercial certificates.

## Installation wizard

After restarting Apache you must complete your installation by running either the graphical Installation Wizard, or on the command line with the `occ` command. To enable this, change the ownership on your Nextcloud directories to your HTTP user:

> chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/nextcloud/

Note

Admins of SELinux-enabled distributions may need to write new SELinux rules to complete their Nextcloud installation; see SELinux configuration tips.

To use `occ` see Installing from command line.

To use the graphical Installation Wizard see Installation wizard.

## SELinux configuration tips

See SELinux configuration for a suggested configuration for SELinux-enabled distributions such as Fedora and CentOS.

## php.ini configuration notes

Keep in mind that changes to `php.ini` may have to be configured on more than one ini file. This can be the case, for example, for the `date.timezone` setting.

php.ini - used by the Web server:

      /etc/php/7.0/apache2/php.ini
    or
      /etc/php/7.0/fpm/php.ini
    or ...

php.ini - used by the php-cli and so by Nextcloud CRON jobs:

    /etc/php/7.0/cli/php.ini

Note

Path names have to be set in respect of the installed PHP (>= 7.0, 7.1 or 7.2) as applicable.

## php-fpm configuration notes

System environment variables

When you are using `php-fpm`, system environment variables like PATH, TMP or others are not automatically populated in the same way as when using `php-cli`. A PHP call like `getenv('PATH');` can therefore return an empty result. So you may need to manually configure environment variables in the appropropriate `php-fpm` ini/config file.

Here are some example root paths for these ini/config files:

Debian/Ubuntu/Mint | CentOS/Red Hat/Fedora
`/etc/php/7.0/fpm/` | `/etc/php-fpm.d/`

In both examples, the ini/config file is called `www.conf`, and depending on the distro version or customizations you have made, it may be in a subdirectory such as `pool.d`.

Usually, you will find some or all of the environment variables already in the file, but commented out like this:

    ;env[HOSTNAME] = $HOSTNAME
    ;env[PATH] = /usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin
    ;env[TMP] = /tmp
    ;env[TMPDIR] = /tmp
    ;env[TEMP] = /tmp

Uncomment the appropriate existing entries. Then run `printenv PATH` to confirm your paths, for example:

    $ printenv PATH
    /home/user/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:
    /sbin:/bin:/

If any of your system environment variables are not present in the file then you must add them.

Alternatively it is possible to use the environemt variables of your system by modifying

> /etc/php/7.0/fpm/pool.d/www.conf

and uncommenting the line

> clear_env = no

When you are using shared hosting or a control panel to manage your Nextcloud VM or server, the configuration files are almost certain to be located somewhere else, for security and flexibility reasons, so check your documentation for the correct locations.

Please keep in mind that it is possible to create different settings for `php-cli` and `php-fpm`, and for different domains and Web sites. The best way to check your settings is with PHP version and information.

Maximum upload size

If you want to increase the maximum upload size, you will also have to modify your `php-fpm` configuration and increase the `upload_max_filesize` and `post_max_size` values. You will need to restart `php5-fpm` and your HTTP server in order for these changes to be applied.

.htaccess notes for Apache

Nextcloud comes with its own `nextcloud/.htaccess` file. Because `php-fpm` can’t read PHP settings in `.htaccess` these settings and permissions must be set in the `nextcloud/.user.ini` file.

## Other Web servers

- Nginx configuration
- Other HTTP servers (Nextcloud)

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