Content:

- Syntax
- Expressions
- Redirection

## Command syntax of μCsim

μCsim uses a very simple command interpreter. Command can be entered after μCsim displays the prompt and interpreted when ENTER key is pressed. Commands must start with the name of the command following parameters. Name of the command can be abbreviated if abbreviation is unique. Some commands have more than one names.

Syntactically parameters can be a string, bit name, array, number or symbol. Interpretation of these syntactical elements depends on actual command.

If the command line can not be recognized as a known command, μCsim tries to evaluate the command line as an expression. See below for information about operands and operators which can be used in expressions.

### Command names

Name of the command must be the first word of the command line. It is not necessary to enter whole name if abbreviation is unique. Help command can be used to check out if a command has more names:

    > help run
    run [start [stop]] Go
    Names of command: go r run
    ...

Some commands just groups other commands. These commands have a set of so-called sub-commands. Sub-command must be second word in the command line. For example:

    > help set
    set subcommand     Set, see `set' command for more help
    Names of command: set
    long help of set
    > set
    "set" must be followed by the name of a subcommand
    List of subcommands:
    set option name|nr value
                       Set value of an option
    set error on|off|unset
                       Set value of an error
    set memory memory_type address data... or bitspec data
                       Place list of data into memory
    set bit bitspec data   Set specified bit(s)
    set hardware category params...
                       Set parameters of specified hardware element

### Type of parameters

#### String type

To distinguish strings and symbols, strings can be surrounded by (double) quotes. Quotes can be omitted if command parameter is interpreted as string and actual parameter start with a letter (so it doesn't look to be a number) and doesn't contain space. Let's look an example:

    0> set opt 7 s51>
    0s51>set opt 7 ".s51> "
    0.s51>

#### Bit type

If a parameter contains a dot (.) or a colon contained in square brackets ([...:...]) it is treated as a bit specification. If there is a dot the part before the dot gives the memory address and part after the dot gives the bit number. The bracketed form is used to specify a range of bits.

    0> dump p1.1
          P1.1 0x90 ff 1
    0> dump 0x80.1
          P4.1 0x80 ff 1
    0>

#### Array type

Parameters contain [ character are treated as arrays. Arrays can be used to specify hardware elements. Array index selects an object if more than one exists:

    0> info hw port[0]
    port[0]
    P0    11111111 0xff 255 . (Value in SFR register)
    Pin0  11111111 0xff 255 . (Output of outside circuits)
    Port0 11111111 0xff 255 . (Value on the port pins)
    0>

#### Number type

Some commands accept parameters which in most cases can be numbers. Numbers can be entered in C-style form. If the number begins with `0x` or `0X` it is interpreted as a hexadecimal number. As extension to C-style, number can be started by 0b, followed by 0 and 1 characters. In this case it is interpreted as binary number. If it begins with `0` followed by digits it is interpreted as octal number. In other cases it is interpreted as decimal number.

#### Symbol type

If a command parameter can not be classified in other ways (doesn't start with a digit or a quote, doesn't contain dot or [) then it will be treated as a symbol. Symbols can be interpreted in several ways.

### Interpretation of parameters

#### Address parameters

Many commands requires memory addresses as parameters. Addresses can be specified using number or symbol type of parameters. Value of symbols depends on processor type. For example MCS52 family of controllers defines more symbols than MCS51 family.

#### Number, data parameters

When a command expects a number it should get a number. Note, that symbols is not converted to number they can be used as address only!

#### String parameters

Strings can be entered without quotes if they are recognized as strings (see above) and do not contain spaces.

#### Data list parameters

Data list can be any space separated list of numbers and strings. If you include a string in the list, it is broken to list of bytes where every byte is ASCII code of a string's character.

    > where xram "ab" 0x43
    0xf961 61 62 63                abc
    >

#### Memory parameters

Where memory type is expected, name of the memory should be used. Most commands accept memory chip and address space too. See memory simulation for more information.

#### Hardware element parameters

Hardware elements can be specified by using arrays, where array name is name of the element and the array index selects one if more than one exists.

#### Bit parameters

Bits can be specified by several ways. One way is using bit type of command parameter:

    0> dump 0.2
        0x00000.2               0
    0> dump 0xc3.2
        0x000c3.2               1
    0> var a_reg rom[0x1000]
    0> dump a_reg[7:0]
          0x01000      a_reg           0b11110111 0xf7 '.' 247 ( -9)
    0> dump a_reg[5:2]
          0x01000[5:2] a_reg[5:2]      0b--1101-- 0x0d '.'  13 ( -3)
    0> var some_bits rom[0x1000][5:2]
    0> dump some_bits
          0x01000[5:2] some_bits       0b--1101-- 0x0d '.'  13 ( -3)
    0> dump some_bits[4:3]
          0x01000[4:3] a_reg[4:3]      0b---10--- 0x02 '.'   2 ( -2)
    0>

Note that in the above the `[4:3]` overrides the `[5:2]` defined for the var and `some_bits[4:3]`means bits 4 through 3 of the value stored at 0x1000. It does not mean take the bits defined by the var and then take a subset of those bits. Note also that the output does not tell us we are looking at `some_bit` (because we're not) but since we have a var set for the address as a whole it does tell us that we are looking at a subset of `a_reg`.

In this way, any IRAM or SFR location can be addressed as the above example shows.

Other way is using bit address either by value or by symbolic name:

    0> dump ea
         IE0.7 0xa8 00 0
    0> dump 34
        0x24.2 0x24 24 1
    0> dump 0xc7
       SCON1.7 0xc0 00 0
    0>

Of course, only addressable bits can be accessed in this way.

## Expressions

If first word of the command line is not recognized as a known command, the command line will be evaluated as an expression and the result value printed (in decimal):

    0> 12*(34+56)
    1080
    0>

### Operands

Operands of the expressions can be

- number;
- memory (either address space, or memory chip);
- or bit

#### Number operands

Numbers can be entered in decimal, octal (starting with 0 followed by a number), or hexadecimal (started with 0x), or binary (started with 0b):

    0> 12
    12
    0> 012
    10
    0> 0x12
    18
    0> 0b010101
    21
    0>

Numbers must be integers (floating point is not supported) and not bigger than the value which can be stored as long int. Numbers can be specified in ascii form too: 'a', result will be ascii code of the character. This form accepts C style escapes, for example: '\n' or '\033'.

#### Memory operands

Memory can be an address space location or a memory chip cell. It can be specified in following form:

    name[address]

where name is the name of the address space or memory chip and address is an expression specifying location (index) of the cell.

Registers in SFR address space can also be specified using pre-defined names (symbols) of the registers.

    0> xram[0x543]
    67
    0> xram_chip[1347]
    67
    0> rom[12*(34+56)]
    56
    0> sp
    7
    0> rom[256*dph+dpl]
    88
    0>

Value of the memory operand is always a positive integer number.

#### Bit operands

Bit operands are evaluated to 0 or 1. Any bit of any memory location can be specified as bit using following form:

    memory.bitnumber

where memory is a memory location as a memory operand and bitnumber is number of the bit within the specified memory cell specified as an expression. Note, that dot (.) is part of the syntax, not an operator.

Alternatively, name of the bit can be used to specify named SFR bits.

    0> p0.3
    1
    0> xram[12*(34+56)].9-2
    0
    0> it0
    0
    0>

### Operators

Type | Operator | Meaning
--- | --- | ---
Primary | ( ) | Group of sub-expressions
One operand | + - & ~ ! | Unary plus, minus, address of, bit negate, logical not
Arithmetic | * / % | Multiply, divide, modulo
+ - | Add, substract
<< >> | shift left, right
Logical | < > <= >= == != | Comparison of two values
&& || ^^ | Logical and, or, xor
Bitwise | & | ^ | Bitwise and, or, xor
Assignment | = *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= |= ^= | Assign to
Increment, decrement | ++ -- | Can be used in prefix or postfix style
Conditional | ?: | Works as in C
Comma | , | Evaluates expression in order, results last

Arithmetic operators and parenthesis work as usual.

Assignment operator can be used to modify memory cells and bits of the cells. Result will be the assigned value.

    0> p0=23
    23
    0> i h port[0]
    port[0]
    P0    00010111 0x17  23 . (Value in SFR register)
    Pin0  11111111 0xff 255 . (Output of outside circuits)
    Port0 00010111 0x17  23 . (Value on the port pins)
    0> p0.0= 0
    0
    0> i h p[0]
    port[0]
    P0    00010110 0x16  22 . (Value in SFR register)
    Pin0  11111111 0xff 255 . (Output of outside circuits)
    Port0 00010110 0x16  22 . (Value on the port pins)
    0> xram[256*dph+dpl]= rom[0]
    108
    0> dump rom 0 0
    0x0000 6c                      l
    0> dump sfr dph dph
    0x83 00                      .
    0> dump sfr dpl dpl
    0x82 00                      .
    0> dump xram 0 0
    0x0000 6c                      l
    0> 0x6c
    108
    0> dump ea
         IE0.7 0xa8 00 0
    0> ea= 1111
    1
    0> dump ea
         IE0.7 0xa8 80 1
    0>

When a symbolic name of the SFR is used, it results value of the named register not the value of the symbol. "Address of" operator can be used to get value of the symbol.

    0> dpl
    0
    0> &dpl
    130
    0> ea
    1
    0> &ea
    175
    0> 256*dph+dpl
    46630
    0> &xram[256*dph+dpl]
    46630
    0>

## Redirection

Output of any command can be redirected to a file. Same syntax can be used for this as for UNIX shell. The only difference is that μCsim doesn't allow to put redirection at the beginning of the command!

    $ ucsim_51 remo.hex
    uCsim 0.5.0-pre3, Copyright (C) 1997 Daniel Drotos, Talker Bt.
    uCsim comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
    under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
    55470 words read from remo.hex
    0> dump >/tmp/rom.dump rom
    0> quit
    $ cat /tmp/rom.dump
    0x0000 02 01 60 02 00 3c 06 07 ..`..<..
    0x0008 08 09 0a 02 2f 6b 0e 0f ..../k..
    0x0010 10 11 12 02 00 ac 16 17 ........
    0x0018 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f ........
    0x0020 20 21 22 02 01 1c 26 27  !"...&'
    0x0028 28 29 2a 32 2c 2d 2e 2f ()*2,-./
    0x0030 02 0f a7 02 0e 9c 02 0d ........
    0x0038 d2 02 08 41 c0 82 c0 83 ...A....
    0x0040 c0 d0 c0 e0 c0 00 a2 90 ........
    0x0048 c0 d0 c2 90 78 18 06 30 ....x..0
    $ ucsim_51 remo.hex
    uCsim 0.5.0-pre3, Copyright (C) 1997 Daniel Drotos, Talker Bt.
    uCsim comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
    under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
    55470 words read from remo.hex
    0> dump rom 0x50 >>/tmp/rom.dump
    0> quit
    $ cat /tmp/rom.dump
    0x0000 02 01 60 02 00 3c 06 07 ..`..<..
    0x0008 08 09 0a 02 2f 6b 0e 0f ..../k..
    0x0010 10 11 12 02 00 ac 16 17 ........
    0x0018 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f ........
    0x0020 20 21 22 02 01 1c 26 27  !"...&'
    0x0028 28 29 2a 32 2c 2d 2e 2f ()*2,-./
    0x0030 02 0f a7 02 0e 9c 02 0d ........
    0x0038 d2 02 08 41 c0 82 c0 83 ...A....
    0x0040 c0 d0 c0 e0 c0 00 a2 90 ........
    0x0048 c0 d0 c2 90 78 18 06 30 ....x..0
    0x0050 03 4b 20 92 48 30 07 05 .K .H0..
    0x0058 c2 07 02 00 9d 30 08 05 .....0..
    0x0060 20 93 3a c2 08 90 08 60  .:....`
    0x0068 e0 b4 ff 03 02 00 9d 04 ........
    0x0070 f0 14 f8 03 03 03 54 1f ......T.
    0x0078 90 08 62 25 82 f5 82 e5 ..b%....
    0x0080 83 34 00 f5 83 e8 54 07 .4....T.
    0x0088 f8 08 74 80 23 d8 fd f8 ..t.#...
    0x0090 e0 30 93 07 c8 f4 58 f0 .0....X.
    0x0098 02 00 9d 48 f0 d0 d0 92 ...H....
    $