- Contents
- Index

# NASM - The Netwide Assembler

version 2.13.03

This manual documents NASM, the Netwide Assembler: an assembler targetting the Intel x86 series of processors, with portable source.

1. Chapter 1: Introduction
   1. Section 1.1: What Is NASM?
      1. Section 1.1.1: License Conditions
2. Chapter 2: Running NASM
   1. Section 2.1: NASM Command-Line Syntax
      1. Section 2.1.1: The `-o` Option: Specifying the Output File Name
      2. Section 2.1.2: The `-f` Option: Specifying the Output File Format
      3. Section 2.1.3: The `-l` Option: Generating a Listing File
      4. Section 2.1.4: The `-M` Option: Generate Makefile Dependencies
      5. Section 2.1.5: The `-MG` Option: Generate Makefile Dependencies
      6. Section 2.1.6: The `-MF` Option: Set Makefile Dependency File
      7. Section 2.1.7: The `-MD` Option: Assemble and Generate Dependencies
      8. Section 2.1.8: The `-MT` Option: Dependency Target Name
      9. Section 2.1.9: The `-MQ` Option: Dependency Target Name (Quoted)
      10. Section 2.1.10: The `-MP` Option: Emit phony targets
      11. Section 2.1.11: The `-MW` Option: Watcom Make quoting style
      12. Section 2.1.12: The `-F` Option: Selecting a Debug Information Format
      13. Section 2.1.13: The `-g` Option: Enabling Debug Information.
      14. Section 2.1.14: The `-X` Option: Selecting an Error Reporting Format
      15. Section 2.1.15: The `-Z` Option: Send Errors to a File
      16. Section 2.1.16: The `-s` Option: Send Errors to `stdout`
      17. Section 2.1.17: The `-i` Option: Include File Search Directories
      18. Section 2.1.18: The `-p` Option: Pre-Include a File
      19. Section 2.1.19: The `-d` Option: Pre-Define a Macro
      20. Section 2.1.20: The `-u` Option: Undefine a Macro
      21. Section 2.1.21: The `-E` Option: Preprocess Only
      22. Section 2.1.22: The `-a` Option: Don't Preprocess At All
      23. Section 2.1.23: The `-O` Option: Specifying Multipass Optimization
      24. Section 2.1.24: The `-t` Option: Enable TASM Compatibility Mode
      25. Section 2.1.25: The `-w` and `-W` Options: Enable or Disable Assembly Warnings
      26. Section 2.1.26: The `-v` Option: Display Version Info
      27. Section 2.1.27: The `-y` Option: Display Available Debug Info Formats
      28. Section 2.1.28: The `--prefix` and `--postfix` Options.
      29. Section 2.1.29: The `NASMENV` Environment Variable
   2. Section 2.2: Quick Start for MASM Users
      1. Section 2.2.1: NASM Is Case-Sensitive
      2. Section 2.2.2: NASM Requires Square Brackets For Memory References
      3. Section 2.2.3: NASM Doesn't Store Variable Types
      4. Section 2.2.4: NASM Doesn't `ASSUME`
      5. Section 2.2.5: NASM Doesn't Support Memory Models
      6. Section 2.2.6: Floating-Point Differences
      7. Section 2.2.7: Other Differences
3. Chapter 3: The NASM Language
   1. Section 3.1: Layout of a NASM Source Line
   2. Section 3.2: Pseudo-Instructions
      1. Section 3.2.1: `DB` and Friends: Declaring Initialized Data
      2. Section 3.2.2: `RESB` and Friends: Declaring Uninitialized Data
      3. Section 3.2.3: `INCBIN`: Including External Binary Files
      4. Section 3.2.4: `EQU`: Defining Constants
      5. Section 3.2.5: `TIMES`: Repeating Instructions or Data
   3. Section 3.3: Effective Addresses
   4. Section 3.4: Constants
      1. Section 3.4.1: Numeric Constants
      2. Section 3.4.2: Character Strings
      3. Section 3.4.3: Character Constants
      4. Section 3.4.4: String Constants
      5. Section 3.4.5: Unicode Strings
      6. Section 3.4.6: Floating-Point Constants
      7. Section 3.4.7: Packed BCD Constants
   5. Section 3.5: Expressions
      1. Section 3.5.1: `|`: Bitwise OR Operator
      2. Section 3.5.2: `^`: Bitwise XOR Operator
      3. Section 3.5.3: `&`: Bitwise AND Operator
      4. Section 3.5.4: `<<` and `>>`: Bit Shift Operators
      5. Section 3.5.5: `+` and `-`: Addition and Subtraction Operators
      6. Section 3.5.6: `*`, `/`, `//`, `%` and `%%`: Multiplication and Division
      7. Section 3.5.7: Unary Operators
   6. Section 3.6: `SEG` and `WRT`
   7. Section 3.7: `STRICT`: Inhibiting Optimization
   8. Section 3.8: Critical Expressions
   9. Section 3.9: Local Labels
4. Chapter 4: The NASM Preprocessor
   1. Section 4.1: Single-Line Macros
      1. Section 4.1.1: The Normal Way: `%define`
      2. Section 4.1.2: Resolving `%define`: `%xdefine`
      3. Section 4.1.3: Macro Indirection: `%[...]`
      4. Section 4.1.4: Concatenating Single Line Macro Tokens: `%+`
      5. Section 4.1.5: The Macro Name Itself: `%?` and `%??`
      6. Section 4.1.6: Undefining Single-Line Macros: `%undef`
      7. Section 4.1.7: Preprocessor Variables: `%assign`
      8. Section 4.1.8: Defining Strings: `%defstr`
      9. Section 4.1.9: Defining Tokens: `%deftok`
   2. Section 4.2: String Manipulation in Macros
      1. Section 4.2.1: Concatenating Strings: `%strcat`
      2. Section 4.2.2: String Length: `%strlen`
      3. Section 4.2.3: Extracting Substrings: `%substr`
   3. Section 4.3: Multi-Line Macros: `%macro`
      1. Section 4.3.1: Overloading Multi-Line Macros
      2. Section 4.3.2: Macro-Local Labels
      3. Section 4.3.3: Greedy Macro Parameters
      4. Section 4.3.4: Macro Parameters Range
      5. Section 4.3.5: Default Macro Parameters
      6. Section 4.3.6: `%0`: Macro Parameter Counter
      7. Section 4.3.7: `%00`: Label Preceeding Macro
      8. Section 4.3.8: `%rotate`: Rotating Macro Parameters
      9. Section 4.3.9: Concatenating Macro Parameters
      10. Section 4.3.10: Condition Codes as Macro Parameters
      11. Section 4.3.11: Disabling Listing Expansion
      12. Section 4.3.12: Undefining Multi-Line Macros: `%unmacro`
   4. Section 4.4: Conditional Assembly
      1. Section 4.4.1: `%ifdef`: Testing Single-Line Macro Existence
      2. Section 4.4.2: `%ifmacro`: Testing Multi-Line Macro Existence
      3. Section 4.4.3: `%ifctx`: Testing the Context Stack
      4. Section 4.4.4: `%if`: Testing Arbitrary Numeric Expressions
      5. Section 4.4.5: `%ifidn` and `%ifidni`: Testing Exact Text Identity
      6. Section 4.4.6: `%ifid`, `%ifnum`, `%ifstr`: Testing Token Types
      7. Section 4.4.7: `%iftoken`: Test for a Single Token
      8. Section 4.4.8: `%ifempty`: Test for Empty Expansion
      9. Section 4.4.9: `%ifenv`: Test If Environment Variable Exists
   5. Section 4.5: Preprocessor Loops: `%rep`
   6. Section 4.6: Source Files and Dependencies
      1. Section 4.6.1: `%include`: Including Other Files
      2. Section 4.6.2: `%pathsearch`: Search the Include Path
      3. Section 4.6.3: `%depend`: Add Dependent Files
      4. Section 4.6.4: `%use`: Include Standard Macro Package
   7. Section 4.7: The Context Stack
      1. Section 4.7.1: `%push` and `%pop`: Creating and Removing Contexts
      2. Section 4.7.2: Context-Local Labels
      3. Section 4.7.3: Context-Local Single-Line Macros
      4. Section 4.7.4: Context Fall-Through Lookup (deprecated)
      5. Section 4.7.5: `%repl`: Renaming a Context
      6. Section 4.7.6: Example Use of the Context Stack: Block IFs
   8. Section 4.8: Stack Relative Preprocessor Directives
      1. Section 4.8.1: `%arg` Directive
      2. Section 4.8.2: `%stacksize` Directive
      3. Section 4.8.3: `%local` Directive
   9. Section 4.9: Reporting User-Defined Errors: `%error`, `%warning`, `%fatal`
   10. Section 4.10: Other Preprocessor Directives
       1. Section 4.10.1: `%line` Directive
       2. Section 4.10.2: `%!`variable: Read an Environment Variable.
   11. Section 4.11: Standard Macros
       1. Section 4.11.1: NASM Version Macros
       2. Section 4.11.2: `__NASM_VERSION_ID__`: NASM Version ID
       3. Section 4.11.3: `__NASM_VER__`: NASM Version string
       4. Section 4.11.4: `__FILE__` and `__LINE__`: File Name and Line Number
       5. Section 4.11.5: `__BITS__`: Current BITS Mode
       6. Section 4.11.6: `__OUTPUT_FORMAT__`: Current Output Format
       7. Section 4.11.7: Assembly Date and Time Macros
       8. Section 4.11.8: `__USE_`package`__`: Package Include Test
       9. Section 4.11.9: `__PASS__`: Assembly Pass
       10. Section 4.11.10: `STRUC` and `ENDSTRUC`: Declaring Structure Data Types
       11. Section 4.11.11: `ISTRUC`, `AT` and `IEND`: Declaring Instances of Structures
       12. Section 4.11.12: `ALIGN` and `ALIGNB`: Data Alignment
       13. Section 4.11.13: `SECTALIGN`: Section Alignment
5. Chapter 5: Standard Macro Packages
   1. Section 5.1: `altreg`: Alternate Register Names
   2. Section 5.2: `smartalign`: Smart `ALIGN` Macro
   3. Section 5.3: `fp`: Floating-point macros
   4. Section 5.4: `ifunc`: Integer functions
      1. Section 5.4.1: Integer logarithms
6. Chapter 6: Assembler Directives
   1. Section 6.1: `BITS`: Specifying Target Processor Mode
      1. Section 6.1.1: `USE16` & `USE32`: Aliases for BITS
   2. Section 6.2: `DEFAULT`: Change the assembler defaults
      1. Section 6.2.1: `REL` & `ABS`: RIP-relative addressing
      2. Section 6.2.2: `BND` & `NOBND`: `BND` prefix
   3. Section 6.3: `SECTION` or `SEGMENT`: Changing and Defining Sections
      1. Section 6.3.1: The `__SECT__` Macro
   4. Section 6.4: `ABSOLUTE`: Defining Absolute Labels
   5. Section 6.5: `EXTERN`: Importing Symbols from Other Modules
   6. Section 6.6: `GLOBAL`: Exporting Symbols to Other Modules
   7. Section 6.7: `COMMON`: Defining Common Data Areas
   8. Section 6.8: `CPU`: Defining CPU Dependencies
   9. Section 6.9: `FLOAT`: Handling of floating-point constants
   10. Section 6.10: `[WARNING]`: Enable or disable warnings
7. Chapter 7: Output Formats
   1. Section 7.1: `bin`: Flat-Form Binary Output
      1. Section 7.1.1: `ORG`: Binary File Program Origin
      2. Section 7.1.2: `bin` Extensions to the `SECTION` Directive
      3. Section 7.1.3: Multisection Support for the `bin` Format
      4. Section 7.1.4: Map Files
   2. Section 7.2: `ith`: Intel Hex Output
   3. Section 7.3: `srec`: Motorola S-Records Output
   4. Section 7.4: `obj`: Microsoft OMF Object Files
      1. Section 7.4.1: `obj` Extensions to the `SEGMENT` Directive
      2. Section 7.4.2: `GROUP`: Defining Groups of Segments
      3. Section 7.4.3: `UPPERCASE`: Disabling Case Sensitivity in Output
      4. Section 7.4.4: `IMPORT`: Importing DLL Symbols
      5. Section 7.4.5: `EXPORT`: Exporting DLL Symbols
      6. Section 7.4.6: `..start`: Defining the Program Entry Point
      7. Section 7.4.7: `obj` Extensions to the `EXTERN` Directive
      8. Section 7.4.8: `obj` Extensions to the `COMMON` Directive
      9. Section 7.4.9: Embedded File Dependency Information
   5. Section 7.5: `win32`: Microsoft Win32 Object Files
      1. Section 7.5.1: `win32` Extensions to the `SECTION` Directive
      2. Section 7.5.2: `win32`: Safe Structured Exception Handling
      3. Section 7.5.3: Debugging formats for Windows
   6. Section 7.6: `win64`: Microsoft Win64 Object Files
      1. Section 7.6.1: `win64`: Writing Position-Independent Code
      2. Section 7.6.2: `win64`: Structured Exception Handling
   7. Section 7.7: `coff`: Common Object File Format
   8. Section 7.8: `macho32` and `macho64`: Mach Object File Format
      1. Section 7.8.1: `macho` extensions to the `SECTION` Directive
      2. Section 7.8.2: Thread Local Storage in Mach-O: `macho` special symbols and `WRT`
      3. Section 7.8.3: `macho` specfic directive `subsections_via_symbols`
      4. Section 7.8.4: `macho` specfic directive `no_dead_strip`
   9. Section 7.9: `elf32`, `elf64`, `elfx32`: Executable and Linkable Format Object Files
      1. Section 7.9.1: ELF specific directive `osabi`
      2. Section 7.9.2: `elf` extensions to the `SECTION` Directive
      3. Section 7.9.3: Position-Independent Code: `macho` Special Symbols and `WRT`
      4. Section 7.9.4: Thread Local Storage in ELF: `elf` Special Symbols and `WRT`
      5. Section 7.9.5: `elf` Extensions to the `GLOBAL` Directive
      6. Section 7.9.6: `elf` Extensions to the `COMMON` Directive
      7. Section 7.9.7: 16-bit code and ELF
      8. Section 7.9.8: Debug formats and ELF
   10. Section 7.10: `aout`: Linux `a.out` Object Files
   11. Section 7.11: `aoutb`: NetBSD/FreeBSD/OpenBSD `a.out` Object Files
   12. Section 7.12: `as86`: Minix/Linux `as86` Object Files
   13. Section 7.13: `rdf`: Relocatable Dynamic Object File Format
       1. Section 7.13.1: Requiring a Library: The `LIBRARY` Directive
       2. Section 7.13.2: Specifying a Module Name: The `MODULE` Directive
       3. Section 7.13.3: `rdf` Extensions to the `GLOBAL` Directive
       4. Section 7.13.4: `rdf` Extensions to the `EXTERN` Directive
   14. Section 7.14: `dbg`: Debugging Format
8. Chapter 8: Writing 16-bit Code (DOS, Windows 3/3.1)
   1. Section 8.1: Producing `.EXE` Files
      1. Section 8.1.1: Using the `obj` Format To Generate `.EXE` Files
      2. Section 8.1.2: Using the `bin` Format To Generate `.EXE` Files
   2. Section 8.2: Producing `.COM` Files
      1. Section 8.2.1: Using the `bin` Format To Generate `.COM` Files
      2. Section 8.2.2: Using the `obj` Format To Generate `.COM` Files
   3. Section 8.3: Producing `.SYS` Files
   4. Section 8.4: Interfacing to 16-bit C Programs
      1. Section 8.4.1: External Symbol Names
      2. Section 8.4.2: Memory Models
      3. Section 8.4.3: Function Definitions and Function Calls
      4. Section 8.4.4: Accessing Data Items
      5. Section 8.4.5: `c16.mac`: Helper Macros for the 16-bit C Interface
   5. Section 8.5: Interfacing to Borland Pascal Programs
      1. Section 8.5.1: The Pascal Calling Convention
      2. Section 8.5.2: Borland Pascal Segment Name Restrictions
      3. Section 8.5.3: Using `c16.mac` With Pascal Programs
9. Chapter 9: Writing 32-bit Code (Unix, Win32, DJGPP)
   1. Section 9.1: Interfacing to 32-bit C Programs
      1. Section 9.1.1: External Symbol Names
      2. Section 9.1.2: Function Definitions and Function Calls
      3. Section 9.1.3: Accessing Data Items
      4. Section 9.1.4: `c32.mac`: Helper Macros for the 32-bit C Interface
   2. Section 9.2: Writing NetBSD/FreeBSD/OpenBSD and Linux/ELF Shared Libraries
      1. Section 9.2.1: Obtaining the Address of the GOT
      2. Section 9.2.2: Finding Your Local Data Items
      3. Section 9.2.3: Finding External and Common Data Items
      4. Section 9.2.4: Exporting Symbols to the Library User
      5. Section 9.2.5: Calling Procedures Outside the Library
      6. Section 9.2.6: Generating the Library File
10. Chapter 10: Mixing 16 and 32 Bit Code
    1. Section 10.1: Mixed-Size Jumps
    2. Section 10.2: Addressing Between Different-Size Segments
    3. Section 10.3: Other Mixed-Size Instructions
11. Chapter 11: Writing 64-bit Code (Unix, Win64)
    1. Section 11.1: Register Names in 64-bit Mode
    2. Section 11.2: Immediates and Displacements in 64-bit Mode
    3. Section 11.3: Interfacing to 64-bit C Programs (Unix)
    4. Section 11.4: Interfacing to 64-bit C Programs (Win64)
12. Chapter 12: Troubleshooting
    1. Section 12.1: Common Problems
       1. Section 12.1.1: NASM Generates Inefficient Code
       2. Section 12.1.2: My Jumps are Out of Range
       3. Section 12.1.3: `ORG` Doesn't Work
       4. Section 12.1.4: `TIMES` Doesn't Work
13. Appendix A: Ndisasm
    1. Section A.1: Introduction
    2. Section A.2: Running NDISASM
       1. Section A.2.1: COM Files: Specifying an Origin
       2. Section A.2.2: Code Following Data: Synchronisation
       3. Section A.2.3: Mixed Code and Data: Automatic (Intelligent) Synchronisation
       4. Section A.2.4: Other Options
14. Appendix B: Instruction List
    1. Section B.1: Introduction
       1. Section B.1.1: Special instructions...
       2. Section B.1.2: Conventional instructions
       3. Section B.1.3: Katmai Streaming SIMD instructions (SSE –– a.k.a. KNI, XMM, MMX2)
       4. Section B.1.4: Introduced in Deschutes but necessary for SSE support
       5. Section B.1.5: XSAVE group (AVX and extended state)
       6. Section B.1.6: Generic memory operations
       7. Section B.1.7: New MMX instructions introduced in Katmai
       8. Section B.1.8: AMD Enhanced 3DNow! (Athlon) instructions
       9. Section B.1.9: Willamette SSE2 Cacheability Instructions
       10. Section B.1.10: Willamette MMX instructions (SSE2 SIMD Integer Instructions)
       11. Section B.1.11: Willamette Streaming SIMD instructions (SSE2)
       12. Section B.1.12: Prescott New Instructions (SSE3)
       13. Section B.1.13: VMX/SVM Instructions
       14. Section B.1.14: Extended Page Tables VMX instructions
       15. Section B.1.15: Tejas New Instructions (SSSE3)
       16. Section B.1.16: AMD SSE4A
       17. Section B.1.17: New instructions in Barcelona
       18. Section B.1.18: Penryn New Instructions (SSE4.1)
       19. Section B.1.19: Nehalem New Instructions (SSE4.2)
       20. Section B.1.20: Intel SMX
       21. Section B.1.21: Geode (Cyrix) 3DNow! additions
       22. Section B.1.22: Intel new instructions in ???
       23. Section B.1.23: Intel AES instructions
       24. Section B.1.24: Intel AVX AES instructions
       25. Section B.1.25: Intel instruction extension based on pub number 319433-030 dated October 2017
       26. Section B.1.26: Intel AVX instructions
       27. Section B.1.27: Intel Carry-Less Multiplication instructions (CLMUL)
       28. Section B.1.28: Intel AVX Carry-Less Multiplication instructions (CLMUL)
       29. Section B.1.29: Intel Fused Multiply-Add instructions (FMA)
       30. Section B.1.30: Intel post-32 nm processor instructions
       31. Section B.1.31: VIA (Centaur) security instructions
       32. Section B.1.32: AMD Lightweight Profiling (LWP) instructions
       33. Section B.1.33: AMD XOP and FMA4 instructions (SSE5)
       34. Section B.1.34: Intel AVX2 instructions
       35. Section B.1.35: Intel Transactional Synchronization Extensions (TSX)
       36. Section B.1.36: Intel BMI1 and BMI2 instructions, AMD TBM instructions
       37. Section B.1.37: Intel Memory Protection Extensions (MPX)
       38. Section B.1.38: Intel SHA acceleration instructions
       39. Section B.1.39: AVX-512 mask register instructions
       40. Section B.1.40: AVX-512 instructions
       41. Section B.1.41: Intel memory protection keys for userspace (PKU aka PKEYs)
       42. Section B.1.42: Read Processor ID
       43. Section B.1.43: New memory instructions
       44. Section B.1.44: Systematic names for the hinting nop instructions
15. Appendix C: NASM Version History
    1. Section C.1: NASM 2 Series
       1. Section C.1.1: Version 2.13.03
       2. Section C.1.2: Version 2.13.02
       3. Section C.1.3: Version 2.13.01
       4. Section C.1.4: Version 2.13
       5. Section C.1.5: Version 2.12.02
       6. Section C.1.6: Version 2.12.01
       7. Section C.1.7: Version 2.12
       8. Section C.1.8: Version 2.11.09
       9. Section C.1.9: Version 2.11.08
       10. Section C.1.10: Version 2.11.07
       11. Section C.1.11: Version 2.11.06
       12. Section C.1.12: Version 2.11.05
       13. Section C.1.13: Version 2.11.04
       14. Section C.1.14: Version 2.11.03
       15. Section C.1.15: Version 2.11.02
       16. Section C.1.16: Version 2.11.01
       17. Section C.1.17: Version 2.11
       18. Section C.1.18: Version 2.10.09
       19. Section C.1.19: Version 2.10.08
       20. Section C.1.20: Version 2.10.07
       21. Section C.1.21: Version 2.10.06
       22. Section C.1.22: Version 2.10.05
       23. Section C.1.23: Version 2.10.04
       24. Section C.1.24: Version 2.10.03
       25. Section C.1.25: Version 2.10.02
       26. Section C.1.26: Version 2.10.01
       27. Section C.1.27: Version 2.10
       28. Section C.1.28: Version 2.09.10
       29. Section C.1.29: Version 2.09.09
       30. Section C.1.30: Version 2.09.08
       31. Section C.1.31: Version 2.09.07
       32. Section C.1.32: Version 2.09.06
       33. Section C.1.33: Version 2.09.05
       34. Section C.1.34: Version 2.09.04
       35. Section C.1.35: Version 2.09.03
       36. Section C.1.36: Version 2.09.02
       37. Section C.1.37: Version 2.09.01
       38. Section C.1.38: Version 2.09
       39. Section C.1.39: Version 2.08.02
       40. Section C.1.40: Version 2.08.01
       41. Section C.1.41: Version 2.08
       42. Section C.1.42: Version 2.07
       43. Section C.1.43: Version 2.06
       44. Section C.1.44: Version 2.05.01
       45. Section C.1.45: Version 2.05
       46. Section C.1.46: Version 2.04
       47. Section C.1.47: Version 2.03.01
       48. Section C.1.48: Version 2.03
       49. Section C.1.49: Version 2.02
       50. Section C.1.50: Version 2.01
       51. Section C.1.51: Version 2.00
    2. Section C.2: NASM 0.98 Series
       1. Section C.2.1: Version 0.98.39
       2. Section C.2.2: Version 0.98.38
       3. Section C.2.3: Version 0.98.37
       4. Section C.2.4: Version 0.98.36
       5. Section C.2.5: Version 0.98.35
       6. Section C.2.6: Version 0.98.34
       7. Section C.2.7: Version 0.98.33
       8. Section C.2.8: Version 0.98.32
       9. Section C.2.9: Version 0.98.31
       10. Section C.2.10: Version 0.98.30
       11. Section C.2.11: Version 0.98.28
       12. Section C.2.12: Version 0.98.26
       13. Section C.2.13: Version 0.98.25alt
       14. Section C.2.14: Version 0.98.25
       15. Section C.2.15: Version 0.98.24p1
       16. Section C.2.16: Version 0.98.24
       17. Section C.2.17: Version 0.98.23
       18. Section C.2.18: Version 0.98.22
       19. Section C.2.19: Version 0.98.21
       20. Section C.2.20: Version 0.98.20
       21. Section C.2.21: Version 0.98.19
       22. Section C.2.22: Version 0.98.18
       23. Section C.2.23: Version 0.98.17
       24. Section C.2.24: Version 0.98.16
       25. Section C.2.25: Version 0.98.15
       26. Section C.2.26: Version 0.98.14
       27. Section C.2.27: Version 0.98.13
       28. Section C.2.28: Version 0.98.12
       29. Section C.2.29: Version 0.98.11
       30. Section C.2.30: Version 0.98.10
       31. Section C.2.31: Version 0.98.09
       32. Section C.2.32: Version 0.98.08
       33. Section C.2.33: Version 0.98.09b with John Coffman patches released 28-Oct-2001
       34. Section C.2.34: Version 0.98.07 released 01/28/01
       35. Section C.2.35: Version 0.98.06f released 01/18/01
       36. Section C.2.36: Version 0.98.06e released 01/09/01
       37. Section C.2.37: Version 0.98p1
       38. Section C.2.38: Version 0.98bf (bug-fixed)
       39. Section C.2.39: Version 0.98.03 with John Coffman's changes released 27-Jul-2000
       40. Section C.2.40: Version 0.98.03
       41. Section C.2.41: Version 0.98
       42. Section C.2.42: Version 0.98p9
       43. Section C.2.43: Version 0.98p8
       44. Section C.2.44: Version 0.98p7
       45. Section C.2.45: Version 0.98p6
       46. Section C.2.46: Version 0.98p3.7
       47. Section C.2.47: Version 0.98p3.6
       48. Section C.2.48: Version 0.98p3.5
       49. Section C.2.49: Version 0.98p3.4
       50. Section C.2.50: Version 0.98p3.3
       51. Section C.2.51: Version 0.98p3.2
       52. Section C.2.52: Version 0.98p3-hpa
       53. Section C.2.53: Version 0.98 pre-release 3
       54. Section C.2.54: Version 0.98 pre-release 2
       55. Section C.2.55: Version 0.98 pre-release 1
    3. Section C.3: NASM 0.9 Series
       1. Section C.3.1: Version 0.97 released December 1997
       2. Section C.3.2: Version 0.96 released November 1997
       3. Section C.3.3: Version 0.95 released July 1997
       4. Section C.3.4: Version 0.94 released April 1997
       5. Section C.3.5: Version 0.93 released January 1997
       6. Section C.3.6: Version 0.92 released January 1997
       7. Section C.3.7: Version 0.91 released November 1996
       8. Section C.3.8: Version 0.90 released October 1996
16. Appendix D: Building NASM from Source
    1. Section D.1: Building from a Source Archive
    2. Section D.2: Building from the `git` Repository
17. Appendix E: Contact Information
    1. Section E.1: Website
       1. Section E.1.1: User Forums
       2. Section E.1.2: Development Community
    2. Section E.2: Reporting Bugs