This is autoconf.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.8 from
autoconf.texi.

INFO-DIR-SECTION Programming & development tools
   This manual is for GNU Autoconf (version 2.56, 19 April 2021), a
package for creating scripts to configure source code packages using
templates and an M4 macro package.

   Copyright (C) 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001,
2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

     Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
     document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
     Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software
     Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts
     being "A GNU Manual," and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a)
     below.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
     "GNU Free Documentation License."

     (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have freedom to copy and
     modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software.  Copies published by
     the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development."

INFO-DIR-SECTION GNU programming tools
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Autoconf-2.56: (autoconf-2.56).         Create source code configuration scripts
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

INFO-DIR-SECTION Individual utilities
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* autoscan-2.56: (autoconf-2.56)autoscan Invocation.
                                Semi-automatic `configure.ac' writing
* ifnames-2.56: (autoconf-2.56)ifnames Invocation.
                                Listing the conditionals in source code
* autoconf-2.56: (autoconf-2.56)autoconf Invocation.
                                How to create configuration scripts
* autoreconf-2.56: (autoconf-2.56)autoreconf Invocation.
                                Remaking multiple `configure' scripts
* autoheader-2.56: (autoconf-2.56)autoheader Invocation.
                                How to create configuration templates
* autom4te-2.56: (autoconf-2.56)autom4te Invocation.
                                The Autoconf executables backbone
* configure-2.56: (autoconf-2.56)configure Invocation.
                                Configuring a package
* autoupdate-2.56: (autoconf-2.56)autoupdate Invocation.
                                Automatic update of `configure.ac'
* config.status-2.56: (autoconf-2.56)config.status Invocation.
                                Recreating a configuration
* testsuite-2.56: (autoconf-2.56)testsuite Invocation.
                                Running an Autotest test suite
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Top,  Next: Introduction,  Up: (dir)

Autoconf
********

This manual is for GNU Autoconf (version 2.56, 19 April 2021), a
package for creating scripts to configure source code packages using
templates and an M4 macro package.

   Copyright (C) 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001,
2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

     Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
     document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
     Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software
     Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts
     being "A GNU Manual," and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a)
     below.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
     "GNU Free Documentation License."

     (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have freedom to copy and
     modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software.  Copies published by
     the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development."

* Menu:

* Introduction::                Autoconf's purpose, strengths, and weaknesses
* The GNU Build System::        A set of tools for portable software packages
* Making configure Scripts::    How to organize and produce Autoconf scripts
* Setup::                       Initialization and output
* Existing Tests::              Macros that check for particular features
* Writing Tests::               How to write new feature checks
* Results::                     What to do with results from feature checks
* Programming in M4::           Layers on top of which Autoconf is written
* Writing Autoconf Macros::     Adding new macros to Autoconf
* Portable Shell::              Shell script portability pitfalls
* Manual Configuration::        Selecting features that can't be guessed
* Site Configuration::          Local defaults for `configure'
* Running configure Scripts::   How to use the Autoconf output
* config.status Invocation::    Recreating a configuration
* Obsolete Constructs::         Kept for backward compatibility
* Using Autotest::              Creating portable test suites
* FAQ::                         Frequent Autoconf Questions, with answers
* History::                     History of Autoconf
* Copying This Manual::         How to make copies of this manual
* Indices::                     Indices of symbols, concepts, etc.

 --- The Detailed Node Listing ---

The GNU Build System

* Automake::                    Escaping Makefile hell
* Libtool::                     Building libraries portably
* Pointers::                    More info on the GNU build system

Making `configure' Scripts

* Writing configure.ac::        What to put in an Autoconf input file
* autoscan Invocation::         Semi-automatic `configure.ac' writing
* ifnames Invocation::          Listing the conditionals in source code
* autoconf Invocation::         How to create configuration scripts
* autoreconf Invocation::       Remaking multiple `configure' scripts

Writing `configure.ac'

* Shell Script Compiler::       Autoconf as solution of a problem
* Autoconf Language::           Programming in Autoconf
* configure.ac Layout::         Standard organization of `configure.ac'

Initialization and Output Files

* Initializing configure::      Option processing etc.
* Notices::                     Copyright, version numbers in `configure'
* Input::                       Where Autoconf should find files
* Output::                      Outputting results from the configuration
* Configuration Actions::       Preparing the output based on results
* Configuration Files::         Creating output files
* Makefile Substitutions::      Using output variables in `Makefile's
* Configuration Headers::       Creating a configuration header file
* Configuration Commands::      Running arbitrary instantiation commands
* Configuration Links::         Links depending on the configuration
* Subdirectories::              Configuring independent packages together
* Default Prefix::              Changing the default installation prefix

Substitutions in Makefiles

* Preset Output Variables::     Output variables that are always set
* Installation Directory Variables::  Other preset output variables
* Build Directories::           Supporting multiple concurrent compiles
* Automatic Remaking::          Makefile rules for configuring

Configuration Header Files

* Header Templates::            Input for the configuration headers
* autoheader Invocation::       How to create configuration templates
* Autoheader Macros::           How to specify CPP templates

Existing Tests

* Common Behavior::             Macros' standard schemes
* Alternative Programs::        Selecting between alternative programs
* Files::                       Checking for the existence of files
* Libraries::                   Library archives that might be missing
* Library Functions::           C library functions that might be missing
* Header Files::                Header files that might be missing
* Declarations::                Declarations that may be missing
* Structures::                  Structures or members that might be missing
* Types::                       Types that might be missing
* Compilers and Preprocessors::  Checking for compiling programs
* System Services::             Operating system services
* UNIX Variants::               Special kludges for specific UNIX variants

Common Behavior

* Standard Symbols::            Symbols defined by the macros
* Default Includes::            Includes used by the generic macros

Alternative Programs

* Particular Programs::         Special handling to find certain programs
* Generic Programs::            How to find other programs

Library Functions

* Function Portability::        Pitfalls with usual functions
* Particular Functions::        Special handling to find certain functions
* Generic Functions::           How to find other functions

Header Files

* Header Portability::          Collected knowledge on common headers
* Particular Headers::          Special handling to find certain headers
* Generic Headers::             How to find other headers

Declarations

* Particular Declarations::     Macros to check for certain declarations
* Generic Declarations::        How to find other declarations

Structures

* Particular Structures::       Macros to check for certain structure members
* Generic Structures::          How to find other structure members

Types

* Particular Types::            Special handling to find certain types
* Generic Types::               How to find other types

Compilers and Preprocessors

* Specific Compiler Characteristics::  Some portability issues
* Generic Compiler Characteristics::  Language independent tests
* C Compiler::                  Checking its characteristics
* C++ Compiler::                Likewise
* Fortran 77 Compiler::         Likewise

Writing Tests

* Language Choice::             Selecting which language to use for testing
* Writing Test Programs::       Forging source files for compilers
* Running the Preprocessor::    Detecting preprocessor symbols
* Running the Compiler::        Detecting language or header features
* Running the Linker::          Detecting library features
* Run Time::                    Testing for run-time features
* Systemology::                 A zoology of operating systems
* Multiple Cases::              Tests for several possible values

Writing Test Programs

* Guidelines::                  General rules for writing test programs
* Test Functions::              Avoiding pitfalls in test programs
* Generating Sources::          Source program boilerplate

Results of Tests

* Defining Symbols::            Defining C preprocessor symbols
* Setting Output Variables::    Replacing variables in output files
* Caching Results::             Speeding up subsequent `configure' runs
* Printing Messages::           Notifying `configure' users

Caching Results

* Cache Variable Names::        Shell variables used in caches
* Cache Files::                 Files `configure' uses for caching
* Cache Checkpointing::         Loading and saving the cache file

Programming in M4

* M4 Quotation::                Protecting macros from unwanted expansion
* Using autom4te::              The Autoconf executables backbone
* Programming in M4sugar::      Convenient pure M4 macros
* Programming in M4sh::         Common shell Constructs

M4 Quotation

* Active Characters::           Characters that change the behavior of M4
* One Macro Call::              Quotation and one macro call
* Quotation and Nested Macros::  Macros calling macros
* Changequote is Evil::         Worse than INTERCAL: M4 + changequote
* Quadrigraphs::                Another way to escape special characters
* Quotation Rule Of Thumb::     One parenthesis, one quote

Using `autom4te'

* autom4te Invocation::         A GNU M4 wrapper
* Customizing autom4te::        Customizing the Autoconf package

Programming in M4sugar

* Redefined M4 Macros::         M4 builtins changed in M4sugar
* Evaluation Macros::           More quotation and evaluation control
* Forbidden Patterns::          Catching unexpanded macros

Writing Autoconf Macros

* Macro Definitions::           Basic format of an Autoconf macro
* Macro Names::                 What to call your new macros
* Reporting Messages::          Notifying `autoconf' users
* Dependencies Between Macros::  What to do when macros depend on other macros
* Obsoleting Macros::           Warning about old ways of doing things
* Coding Style::                Writing Autoconf macros a` la Autoconf

Dependencies Between Macros

* Prerequisite Macros::         Ensuring required information
* Suggested Ordering::          Warning about possible ordering problems

Portable Shell Programming

* Shellology::                  A zoology of shells
* Here-Documents::              Quirks and tricks
* File Descriptors::            FDs and redirections
* File System Conventions::     File- and pathnames
* Shell Substitutions::         Variable and command expansions
* Assignments::                 Varying side effects of assignments
* Special Shell Variables::     Variables you should not change
* Limitations of Builtins::     Portable use of not so portable /bin/sh
* Limitations of Usual Tools::  Portable use of portable tools
* Limitations of Make::         Portable Makefiles

Manual Configuration

* Specifying Names::            Specifying the system type
* Canonicalizing::              Getting the canonical system type
* Using System Type::           What to do with the system type

Site Configuration

* External Software::           Working with other optional software
* Package Options::             Selecting optional features
* Pretty Help Strings::         Formatting help string
* Site Details::                Configuring site details
* Transforming Names::          Changing program names when installing
* Site Defaults::               Giving `configure' local defaults

Transforming Program Names When Installing

* Transformation Options::      `configure' options to transform names
* Transformation Examples::     Sample uses of transforming names
* Transformation Rules::        `Makefile' uses of transforming names

Running `configure' Scripts

* Basic Installation::          Instructions for typical cases
* Compilers and Options::       Selecting compilers and optimization
* Multiple Architectures::      Compiling for multiple architectures at once
* Installation Names::          Installing in different directories
* Optional Features::           Selecting optional features
* System Type::                 Specifying the system type
* Sharing Defaults::            Setting site-wide defaults for `configure'
* Defining Variables::          Specifying the compiler etc.
* configure Invocation::        Changing how `configure' runs

Obsolete Constructs

* Obsolete config.status Use::  Different calling convention
* acconfig.h::                  Additional entries in `config.h.in'
* autoupdate Invocation::       Automatic update of `configure.ac'
* Obsolete Macros::             Backward compatibility macros
* Autoconf 1::                  Tips for upgrading your files
* Autoconf 2.13::               Some fresher tips

Upgrading From Version 1

* Changed File Names::          Files you might rename
* Changed Makefiles::           New things to put in `Makefile.in'
* Changed Macros::              Macro calls you might replace
* Changed Results::             Changes in how to check test results
* Changed Macro Writing::       Better ways to write your own macros

Upgrading From Version 2.13

* Changed Quotation::           Broken code which used to work
* New Macros::                  Interaction with foreign macros
* Hosts and Cross-Compilation::  Bugward compatibility kludges
* AC_LIBOBJ vs LIBOBJS::        LIBOBJS is a forbidden token
* AC_FOO_IFELSE vs AC_TRY_FOO::  A more generic scheme for testing sources

Generating Test Suites with Autotest

* Using an Autotest Test Suite::  Autotest and the user
* Writing testsuite.at::        Autotest macros
* testsuite Invocation::        Running `testsuite' scripts
* Making testsuite Scripts::    Using autom4te to create `testsuite'

Using an Autotest Test Suite

* testsuite Scripts::           The concepts of Autotest
* Autotest Logs::               Their contents

Frequent Autoconf Questions, with answers

* Distributing::                Distributing `configure' scripts
* Why GNU m4::                  Why not use the standard M4?
* Bootstrapping::               Autoconf and GNU M4 require each other?
* Why Not Imake::               Why GNU uses `configure' instead of Imake
* Defining Directories::        Passing `datadir' to program
* autom4te.cache::              What is it?  Can I remove it?

History of Autoconf

* Genesis::                     Prehistory and naming of `configure'
* Exodus::                      The plagues of M4 and Perl
* Leviticus::                   The priestly code of portability arrives
* Numbers::                     Growth and contributors
* Deuteronomy::                 Approaching the promises of easy configuration

Copying This Manual

* GNU Free Documentation License::  License for copying this manual

Indices

* Environment Variable Index::  Index of environment variables used
* Output Variable Index::       Index of variables set in output files
* Preprocessor Symbol Index::   Index of C preprocessor symbols defined
* Autoconf Macro Index::        Index of Autoconf macros
* M4 Macro Index::              Index of M4, M4sugar, and M4sh macros
* Autotest Macro Index::        Index of Autotest macros
* Program & Function Index::    Index of those with portability problems
* Concept Index::               General index


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Introduction,  Next: The GNU Build System,  Prev: Top,  Up: Top

1 Introduction
**************

 A physicist, an engineer, and a computer scientist were discussing the
     nature of God.  "Surely a Physicist," said the physicist, "because
         early in the Creation, God made Light; and you know, Maxwell's
  equations, the dual nature of electromagnetic waves, the relativistic
           consequences..." "An Engineer!," said the engineer, "because
before making Light, God split the Chaos into Land and Water; it takes a
      hell of an engineer to handle that big amount of mud, and orderly
           separation of solids from liquids..." The computer scientist
  shouted: "And the Chaos, where do you think it was coming from, hmm?"

                                                            --Anonymous

   Autoconf is a tool for producing shell scripts that automatically
configure software source code packages to adapt to many kinds of
UNIX-like systems.  The configuration scripts produced by Autoconf are
independent of Autoconf when they are run, so their users do not need
to have Autoconf.

   The configuration scripts produced by Autoconf require no manual user
intervention when run; they do not normally even need an argument
specifying the system type.  Instead, they individually test for the
presence of each feature that the software package they are for might
need.  (Before each check, they print a one-line message stating what
they are checking for, so the user doesn't get too bored while waiting
for the script to finish.)  As a result, they deal well with systems
that are hybrids or customized from the more common UNIX variants.
There is no need to maintain files that list the features supported by
each release of each variant of UNIX.

   For each software package that Autoconf is used with, it creates a
configuration script from a template file that lists the system features
that the package needs or can use.  After the shell code to recognize
and respond to a system feature has been written, Autoconf allows it to
be shared by many software packages that can use (or need) that feature.
If it later turns out that the shell code needs adjustment for some
reason, it needs to be changed in only one place; all of the
configuration scripts can be regenerated automatically to take advantage
of the updated code.

   The Metaconfig package is similar in purpose to Autoconf, but the
scripts it produces require manual user intervention, which is quite
inconvenient when configuring large source trees.  Unlike Metaconfig
scripts, Autoconf scripts can support cross-compiling, if some care is
taken in writing them.

   Autoconf does not solve all problems related to making portable
software packages--for a more complete solution, it should be used in
concert with other GNU build tools like Automake and Libtool.  These
other tools take on jobs like the creation of a portable, recursive
`Makefile' with all of the standard targets, linking of shared
libraries, and so on.  *Note The GNU Build System::, for more
information.

   Autoconf imposes some restrictions on the names of macros used with
`#if' in C programs (*note Preprocessor Symbol Index::).

   Autoconf requires GNU M4 in order to generate the scripts.  It uses
features that some UNIX versions of M4, including GNU M4 1.3, do not
have.  You must use version 1.4 or later of GNU M4.

   *Note Autoconf 1::, for information about upgrading from version 1.
*Note History::, for the story of Autoconf's development.  *Note FAQ::,
for answers to some common questions about Autoconf.

   See the Autoconf web page(1) for up-to-date information, details on
the mailing lists, pointers to a list of known bugs, etc.

   Mail suggestions to the Autoconf mailing list <autoconf@gnu.org>.

   Bug reports should be preferably submitted to the Autoconf Gnats
database(2), or sent to the Autoconf Bugs mailing list
<bug-autoconf@gnu.org>.  If possible, first check that your bug is not
already solved in current development versions, and that it has not
been reported yet.  Be sure to include all the needed information and a
short `configure.ac' that demonstrates the problem.

   Autoconf's development tree is accessible via CVS; see the Autoconf
web page for details.  There is also a CVSweb interface to the Autoconf
development tree(3).  Patches relative to the current CVS version can
be sent for review to the Autoconf Patches mailing list
<autoconf-patches@gnu.org>.

   Because of its mission, Autoconf includes only a set of often-used
macros that have already demonstrated their usefulness.  Nevertheless,
if you wish to share your macros, or find existing ones, see the
Autoconf Macro Archive(4), which is kindly run by Peter Simons
<simons@computer.org>.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) Autoconf web page,
`http://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/autoconf.html'.

   (2) Autoconf Gnats database,
`http://bugs.gnu.org/cgi-bin/gnatsweb.pl?database=autoconf'.

   (3) CVSweb interface to the Autoconf development tree,
`http://subversions.gnu.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb/autoconf/'.

   (4) Autoconf Macro Archive,
`http://www.gnu.org/software/ac-archive/'.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: The GNU Build System,  Next: Making configure Scripts,  Prev: Introduction,  Up: Top

2 The GNU Build System
**********************

Autoconf solves an important problem--reliable discovery of
system-specific build and run-time information--but this is only one
piece of the puzzle for the development of portable software.  To this
end, the GNU project has developed a suite of integrated utilities to
finish the job Autoconf started: the GNU build system, whose most
important components are Autoconf, Automake, and Libtool.  In this
chapter, we introduce you to those tools, point you to sources of more
information, and try to convince you to use the entire GNU build system
for your software.

* Menu:

* Automake::                    Escaping Makefile hell
* Libtool::                     Building libraries portably
* Pointers::                    More info on the GNU build system


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Automake,  Next: Libtool,  Up: The GNU Build System

2.1 Automake
============

The ubiquity of `make' means that a `Makefile' is almost the only
viable way to distribute automatic build rules for software, but one
quickly runs into `make''s numerous limitations.  Its lack of support
for automatic dependency tracking, recursive builds in subdirectories,
reliable timestamps (e.g., for network filesystems), and so on, mean
that developers must painfully (and often incorrectly) reinvent the
wheel for each project.  Portability is non-trivial, thanks to the
quirks of `make' on many systems.  On top of all this is the manual
labor required to implement the many standard targets that users have
come to expect (`make install', `make distclean', `make uninstall',
etc.).  Since you are, of course, using Autoconf, you also have to
insert repetitive code in your `Makefile.in' to recognize `@CC@',
`@CFLAGS@', and other substitutions provided by `configure'.  Into this
mess steps "Automake".  

   Automake allows you to specify your build needs in a `Makefile.am'
file with a vastly simpler and more powerful syntax than that of a plain
`Makefile', and then generates a portable `Makefile.in' for use with
Autoconf.  For example, the `Makefile.am' to build and install a simple
"Hello world" program might look like:

     bin_PROGRAMS = hello
     hello_SOURCES = hello.c

The resulting `Makefile.in' (~400 lines) automatically supports all the
standard targets, the substitutions provided by Autoconf, automatic
dependency tracking, `VPATH' building, and so on.  `make' will build
the `hello' program, and `make install' will install it in
`/usr/local/bin' (or whatever prefix was given to `configure', if not
`/usr/local').

   Automake may require that additional tools be present on the
_developer's_ machine.  For example, the `Makefile.in' that the
developer works with may not be portable (e.g., it might use special
features of your compiler to automatically generate dependency
information).  Running `make dist', however, produces a
`hello-1.0.tar.gz' package (or whatever the program/version is) with a
`Makefile.in' that will work on any system.

   The benefits of Automake increase for larger packages (especially
ones with subdirectories), but even for small programs the added
convenience and portability can be substantial.  And that's not all....


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Libtool,  Next: Pointers,  Prev: Automake,  Up: The GNU Build System

2.2 Libtool
===========

Very often, one wants to build not only programs, but libraries, so that
other programs can benefit from the fruits of your labor.  Ideally, one
would like to produce _shared_ (dynamically linked) libraries, which
can be used by multiple programs without duplication on disk or in
memory and can be updated independently of the linked programs.
Producing shared libraries portably, however, is the stuff of
nightmares--each system has its own incompatible tools, compiler flags,
and magic incantations.  Fortunately, GNU provides a solution:
"Libtool".  

   Libtool handles all the requirements of building shared libraries for
you, and at this time seems to be the _only_ way to do so with any
portability.  It also handles many other headaches, such as: the
interaction of `Makefile' rules with the variable suffixes of shared
libraries, linking reliably with shared libraries before they are
installed by the superuser, and supplying a consistent versioning system
(so that different versions of a library can be installed or upgraded
without breaking binary compatibility).  Although Libtool, like
Autoconf, can be used on its own, it is most simply utilized in
conjunction with Automake--there, Libtool is used automatically
whenever shared libraries are needed, and you need not know its syntax.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Pointers,  Prev: Libtool,  Up: The GNU Build System

2.3 Pointers
============

Developers who are used to the simplicity of `make' for small projects
on a single system might be daunted at the prospect of learning to use
Automake and Autoconf.  As your software is distributed to more and
more users, however, you will otherwise quickly find yourself putting
lots of effort into reinventing the services that the GNU build tools
provide, and making the same mistakes that they once made and overcame.
(Besides, since you're already learning Autoconf, Automake will be a
piece of cake.)

   There are a number of places that you can go to for more information
on the GNU build tools.

   - Web

     The home pages for Autoconf(1), Automake(2), and Libtool(3).

   - Automake Manual

     *Note Automake: (automake)Top, for more information on Automake.

   - Books

     The book `GNU Autoconf, Automake and Libtool'(4)  describes the
     complete GNU build environment.  You can also find the entire book
     on-line at "The Goat Book" home page(5).

   - Tutorials and Examples

     The Autoconf Developer Page(6) maintains links to a number of
     Autoconf/Automake tutorials online, and also links to the Autoconf
     Macro Archive(7).


   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) Autoconf, `http://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/'.

   (2) Automake, `http://www.gnu.org/software/automake/'.

   (3) Libtool, `http://www.gnu.org/software/libtool/'.

   (4) `GNU Autoconf, Automake and Libtool', by G. V. Vaughan, B.
Elliston, T. Tromey, and I. L. Taylor.  New Riders, 2000, ISBN
1578701902.

   (5) "The Goat Book" home page, `http://sources.redhat.com/autobook/'.

   (6) Autoconf Developer Page, `http://sources.redhat.com/autoconf/'.

   (7) Autoconf Macro Archive,
`http://www.gnu.org/software/ac-archive/'.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Making configure Scripts,  Next: Setup,  Prev: The GNU Build System,  Up: Top

3 Making `configure' Scripts
****************************

The configuration scripts that Autoconf produces are by convention
called `configure'.  When run, `configure' creates several files,
replacing configuration parameters in them with appropriate values.
The files that `configure' creates are:

   - one or more `Makefile' files, usually one in each subdirectory of
     the package (*note Makefile Substitutions::);

   - optionally, a C header file, the name of which is configurable,
     containing `#define' directives (*note Configuration Headers::);

   - a shell script called `config.status' that, when run, will recreate
     the files listed above (*note config.status Invocation::);

   - an optional shell script normally called `config.cache' (created
     when using `configure --config-cache') that saves the results of
     running many of the tests (*note Cache Files::);

   - a file called `config.log' containing any messages produced by
     compilers, to help debugging if `configure' makes a mistake.

   To create a `configure' script with Autoconf, you need to write an
Autoconf input file `configure.ac' (or `configure.in') and run
`autoconf' on it.  If you write your own feature tests to supplement
those that come with Autoconf, you might also write files called
`aclocal.m4' and `acsite.m4'.  If you use a C header file to contain
`#define' directives, you might also run `autoheader', and you will
distribute the generated file `config.h.in' with the package.

   Here is a diagram showing how the files that can be used in
configuration are produced.  Programs that are executed are suffixed by
`*'.  Optional files are enclosed in square brackets (`[]').
`autoconf' and `autoheader' also read the installed Autoconf macro
files (by reading `autoconf.m4').

Files used in preparing a software package for distribution:
     your source files --> [autoscan*] --> [configure.scan] --> configure.ac

     configure.ac --.
                    |   .------> autoconf* -----> configure
     [aclocal.m4] --+---+
                    |   `-----> [autoheader*] --> [config.h.in]
     [acsite.m4] ---'

     Makefile.in -------------------------------> Makefile.in

Files used in configuring a software package:
                            .-------------> [config.cache]
     configure* ------------+-------------> config.log
                            |
     [config.h.in] -.       v            .-> [config.h] -.
                    +--> config.status* -+               +--> make*
     Makefile.in ---'                    `-> Makefile ---'

* Menu:

* Writing configure.ac::        What to put in an Autoconf input file
* autoscan Invocation::         Semi-automatic `configure.ac' writing
* ifnames Invocation::          Listing the conditionals in source code
* autoconf Invocation::         How to create configuration scripts
* autoreconf Invocation::       Remaking multiple `configure' scripts


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Writing configure.ac,  Next: autoscan Invocation,  Up: Making configure Scripts

3.1 Writing `configure.ac'
==========================

To produce a `configure' script for a software package, create a file
called `configure.ac' that contains invocations of the Autoconf macros
that test the system features your package needs or can use.  Autoconf
macros already exist to check for many features; see *Note Existing
Tests::, for their descriptions.  For most other features, you can use
Autoconf template macros to produce custom checks; see *Note Writing
Tests::, for information about them.  For especially tricky or
specialized features, `configure.ac' might need to contain some
hand-crafted shell commands; see *Note Portable Shell::.  The
`autoscan' program can give you a good start in writing `configure.ac'
(*note autoscan Invocation::, for more information).

   Previous versions of Autoconf promoted the name `configure.in',
which is somewhat ambiguous (the tool needed to process this file is not
described by its extension), and introduces a slight confusion with
`config.h.in' and so on (for which `.in' means "to be processed by
`configure'").  Using `configure.ac' is now preferred.

* Menu:

* Shell Script Compiler::       Autoconf as solution of a problem
* Autoconf Language::           Programming in Autoconf
* configure.ac Layout::         Standard organization of `configure.ac'


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Shell Script Compiler,  Next: Autoconf Language,  Up: Writing configure.ac

3.1.1 A Shell Script Compiler
-----------------------------

Just as for any other computer language, in order to properly program
`configure.ac' in Autoconf you must understand _what_ problem the
language tries to address and _how_ it does so.

   The problem Autoconf addresses is that the world is a mess.  After
all, you are using Autoconf in order to have your package compile
easily on all sorts of different systems, some of them being extremely
hostile.  Autoconf itself bears the price for these differences:
`configure' must run on all those systems, and thus `configure' must
limit itself to their lowest common denominator of features.

   Naturally, you might then think of shell scripts; who needs
`autoconf'?  A set of properly written shell functions is enough to
make it easy to write `configure' scripts by hand.  Sigh!
Unfortunately, shell functions do not belong to the least common
denominator; therefore, where you would like to define a function and
use it ten times, you would instead need to copy its body ten times.

   So, what is really needed is some kind of compiler, `autoconf', that
takes an Autoconf program, `configure.ac', and transforms it into a
portable shell script, `configure'.

   How does `autoconf' perform this task?

   There are two obvious possibilities: creating a brand new language or
extending an existing one.  The former option is very attractive: all
sorts of optimizations could easily be implemented in the compiler and
many rigorous checks could be performed on the Autoconf program (e.g.,
rejecting any non-portable construct).  Alternatively, you can extend
an existing language, such as the `sh' (Bourne shell) language.

   Autoconf does the latter: it is a layer on top of `sh'.  It was
therefore most convenient to implement `autoconf' as a macro expander:
a program that repeatedly performs "macro expansions" on text input,
replacing macro calls with macro bodies and producing a pure `sh'
script in the end.  Instead of implementing a dedicated Autoconf macro
expander, it is natural to use an existing general-purpose macro
language, such as M4, and implement the extensions as a set of M4
macros.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Autoconf Language,  Next: configure.ac Layout,  Prev: Shell Script Compiler,  Up: Writing configure.ac

3.1.2 The Autoconf Language
---------------------------

The Autoconf language is very different from many other computer
languages because it treats actual code the same as plain text.  Whereas
in C, for instance, data and instructions have very different syntactic
status, in Autoconf their status is rigorously the same.  Therefore, we
need a means to distinguish literal strings from text to be expanded:
quotation.

   When calling macros that take arguments, there must not be any blank
space between the macro name and the open parenthesis.  Arguments should
be enclosed within the M4 quote characters `[' and `]', and be
separated by commas.  Any leading spaces in arguments are ignored,
unless they are quoted.  You may safely leave out the quotes when the
argument is simple text, but _always_ quote complex arguments such as
other macro calls.  This rule applies recursively for every macro call,
including macros called from other macros.

   For instance:

     AC_CHECK_HEADER([stdio.h],
                     [AC_DEFINE([HAVE_STDIO_H])],
                     [AC_MSG_ERROR([Sorry, can't do anything for you])])

is quoted properly.  You may safely simplify its quotation to:

     AC_CHECK_HEADER(stdio.h,
                     [AC_DEFINE(HAVE_STDIO_H)],
                     [AC_MSG_ERROR([Sorry, can't do anything for you])])

Notice that the argument of `AC_MSG_ERROR' is still quoted; otherwise,
its comma would have been interpreted as an argument separator.

   The following example is wrong and dangerous, as it is underquoted:

     AC_CHECK_HEADER(stdio.h,
                     AC_DEFINE(HAVE_STDIO_H),
                     AC_MSG_ERROR([Sorry, can't do anything for you]))

   In other cases, you may have to use text that also resembles a macro
call.  You must quote that text even when it is not passed as a macro
argument:

     echo "Hard rock was here!  --[AC_DC]"

which will result in

     echo "Hard rock was here!  --AC_DC"

When you use the same text in a macro argument, you must therefore have
an extra quotation level (since one is stripped away by the macro
substitution).  In general, then, it is a good idea to _use double
quoting for all literal string arguments_:

     AC_MSG_WARN([[AC_DC stinks  --Iron Maiden]])

   You are now able to understand one of the constructs of Autoconf that
has been continually misunderstood...  The rule of thumb is that
_whenever you expect macro expansion, expect quote expansion_; i.e.,
expect one level of quotes to be lost.  For instance:

     AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([char b[10];],, [AC_MSG_ERROR([you lose])])

is incorrect: here, the first argument of `AC_COMPILE_IFELSE' is `char
b[10];' and will be expanded once, which results in `char b10;'.
(There was an idiom common in Autoconf's past to address this issue via
the M4 `changequote' primitive, but do not use it!)  Let's take a
closer look: the author meant the first argument to be understood as a
literal, and therefore it must be quoted twice:

     AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([[char b[10];]],, [AC_MSG_ERROR([you lose])])

Voila`, you actually produce `char b[10];' this time!

   The careful reader will notice that, according to these guidelines,
the "properly" quoted `AC_CHECK_HEADER' example above is actually
lacking three pairs of quotes!  Nevertheless, for the sake of
readability, double quotation of literals is used only where needed in
this manual.

   Some macros take optional arguments, which this documentation
represents as [ARG] (not to be confused with the quote characters).
You may just leave them empty, or use `[]' to make the emptiness of the
argument explicit, or you may simply omit the trailing commas.  The
three lines below are equivalent:

     AC_CHECK_HEADERS(stdio.h, [], [], [])
     AC_CHECK_HEADERS(stdio.h,,,)
     AC_CHECK_HEADERS(stdio.h)

   It is best to put each macro call on its own line in `configure.ac'.
Most of the macros don't add extra newlines; they rely on the newline
after the macro call to terminate the commands.  This approach makes
the generated `configure' script a little easier to read by not
inserting lots of blank lines.  It is generally safe to set shell
variables on the same line as a macro call, because the shell allows
assignments without intervening newlines.

   You can include comments in `configure.ac' files by starting them
with the `#'.  For example, it is helpful to begin `configure.ac' files
with a line like this:

     # Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: configure.ac Layout,  Prev: Autoconf Language,  Up: Writing configure.ac

3.1.3 Standard `configure.ac' Layout
------------------------------------

The order in which `configure.ac' calls the Autoconf macros is not
important, with a few exceptions.  Every `configure.ac' must contain a
call to `AC_INIT' before the checks, and a call to `AC_OUTPUT' at the
end (*note Output::).  Additionally, some macros rely on other macros
having been called first, because they check previously set values of
some variables to decide what to do.  These macros are noted in the
individual descriptions (*note Existing Tests::), and they also warn
you when `configure' is created if they are called out of order.

   To encourage consistency, here is a suggested order for calling the
Autoconf macros.  Generally speaking, the things near the end of this
list are those that could depend on things earlier in it.  For example,
library functions could be affected by types and libraries.

     Autoconf requirements
     `AC_INIT(PACKAGE, VERSION, BUG-REPORT-ADDRESS)'
     information on the package
     checks for programs
     checks for libraries
     checks for header files
     checks for types
     checks for structures
     checks for compiler characteristics
     checks for library functions
     checks for system services
     `AC_CONFIG_FILES([FILE...])'
     `AC_OUTPUT'


File: autoconf.info,  Node: autoscan Invocation,  Next: ifnames Invocation,  Prev: Writing configure.ac,  Up: Making configure Scripts

3.2 Using `autoscan' to Create `configure.ac'
=============================================

The `autoscan' program can help you create and/or maintain a
`configure.ac' file for a software package.  `autoscan' examines source
files in the directory tree rooted at a directory given as a command
line argument, or the current directory if none is given.  It searches
the source files for common portability problems and creates a file
`configure.scan' which is a preliminary `configure.ac' for that
package, and checks a possibly existing `configure.ac' for completeness.

   When using `autoscan' to create a `configure.ac', you should
manually examine `configure.scan' before renaming it to `configure.ac';
it will probably need some adjustments.  Occasionally, `autoscan'
outputs a macro in the wrong order relative to another macro, so that
`autoconf' produces a warning; you need to move such macros manually.
Also, if you want the package to use a configuration header file, you
must add a call to `AC_CONFIG_HEADERS' (*note Configuration Headers::).
You might also have to change or add some `#if' directives to your
program in order to make it work with Autoconf (*note ifnames
Invocation::, for information about a program that can help with that
job).

   When using `autoscan' to maintain a `configure.ac', simply consider
adding its suggestions.  The file `autoscan.log' will contain detailed
information on why a macro is requested.

   `autoscan' uses several data files (installed along with Autoconf)
to determine which macros to output when it finds particular symbols in
a package's source files.  These data files all have the same format:
each line consists of a symbol, whitespace, and the Autoconf macro to
output if that symbol is encountered.  Lines starting with `#' are
comments.

   `autoscan' accepts the following options:

`--help'
`-h'
     Print a summary of the command line options and exit.

`--version'
`-V'
     Print the version number of Autoconf and exit.

`--verbose'
`-v'
     Print the names of the files it examines and the potentially
     interesting symbols it finds in them.  This output can be
     voluminous.

`--include=DIR'
`-I DIR'
     Append DIR to the include path.  Multiple invocations accumulate.

`--prepend-include=DIR'

`-B DIR'
     Prepend DIR to the include path.  Multiple invocations accumulate.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: ifnames Invocation,  Next: autoconf Invocation,  Prev: autoscan Invocation,  Up: Making configure Scripts

3.3 Using `ifnames' to List Conditionals
========================================

`ifnames' can help you write `configure.ac' for a software package.  It
prints the identifiers that the package already uses in C preprocessor
conditionals.  If a package has already been set up to have some
portability, `ifnames' can thus help you figure out what its
`configure' needs to check for.  It may help fill in some gaps in a
`configure.ac' generated by `autoscan' (*note autoscan Invocation::).

   `ifnames' scans all of the C source files named on the command line
(or the standard input, if none are given) and writes to the standard
output a sorted list of all the identifiers that appear in those files
in `#if', `#elif', `#ifdef', or `#ifndef' directives.  It prints each
identifier on a line, followed by a space-separated list of the files
in which that identifier occurs.

`ifnames' accepts the following options:

`--help'
`-h'
     Print a summary of the command line options and exit.

`--version'
`-V'
     Print the version number of Autoconf and exit.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: autoconf Invocation,  Next: autoreconf Invocation,  Prev: ifnames Invocation,  Up: Making configure Scripts

3.4 Using `autoconf' to Create `configure'
==========================================

To create `configure' from `configure.ac', run the `autoconf' program
with no arguments.  `autoconf' processes `configure.ac' with the M4
macro processor, using the Autoconf macros.  If you give `autoconf' an
argument, it reads that file instead of `configure.ac' and writes the
configuration script to the standard output instead of to `configure'.
If you give `autoconf' the argument `-', it reads from the standard
input instead of `configure.ac' and writes the configuration script to
the standard output.

   The Autoconf macros are defined in several files.  Some of the files
are distributed with Autoconf; `autoconf' reads them first.  Then it
looks for the optional file `acsite.m4' in the directory that contains
the distributed Autoconf macro files, and for the optional file
`aclocal.m4' in the current directory.  Those files can contain your
site's or the package's own Autoconf macro definitions (*note Writing
Autoconf Macros::, for more information).  If a macro is defined in
more than one of the files that `autoconf' reads, the last definition
it reads overrides the earlier ones.

   `autoconf' accepts the following options:

`--help'
`-h'
     Print a summary of the command line options and exit.

`--version'
`-V'
     Print the version number of Autoconf and exit.

`--verbose'
`-v'
     Report processing steps.

`--debug'
`-d'
     Don't remove the temporary files.

`--force'
`-f'
     Remake `configure' even if newer than its input files.

`--include=DIR'
`-I DIR'
     Append DIR to the include path.  Multiple invocations accumulate.

`--prepend-include=DIR'

`-B DIR'
     Prepend DIR to the include path.  Multiple invocations accumulate.

`--output=FILE'
`-o FILE'
     Save output (script or trace) to FILE.  The file `-' stands for
     the standard output.

`--warnings=CATEGORY'
`-W CATEGORY'
     Report the warnings related to CATEGORY (which can actually be a
     comma separated list).  *Note Reporting Messages::, macro
     `AC_DIAGNOSE', for a comprehensive list of categories.  Special
     values include:

    `all'
          report all the warnings

    `none'
          report none

    `error'
          treats warnings as errors

    `no-CATEGORY'
          disable warnings falling into CATEGORY

     Warnings about `syntax' are enabled by default, and the environment
     variable `WARNINGS', a comma separated list of categories, is
     honored.  Passing `-W CATEGORY' will actually behave as if you had
     passed `--warnings=syntax,$WARNINGS,CATEGORY'.  If you want to
     disable the defaults and `WARNINGS', but (for example) enable the
     warnings about obsolete constructs, you would use `-W
     none,obsolete'.

     Because `autoconf' uses `autom4te' behind the scenes, it displays
     a back trace for errors, but not for warnings; if you want them,
     just pass `-W error'.  *Note autom4te Invocation::, for some
     examples.

`--trace=MACRO[:FORMAT]'
`-t MACRO[:FORMAT]'
     Do not create the `configure' script, but list the calls to MACRO
     according to the FORMAT.  Multiple `--trace' arguments can be used
     to list several macros.  Multiple `--trace' arguments for a single
     macro are not cumulative; instead, you should just make FORMAT as
     long as needed.

     The FORMAT is a regular string, with newlines if desired, and
     several special escape codes.  It defaults to `$f:$l:$n:$%'; see
     *Note autom4te Invocation::, for details on the FORMAT.

`--initialization'
`-i'
     By default, `--trace' does not trace the initialization of the
     Autoconf macros (typically the `AC_DEFUN' definitions).  This
     results in a noticeable speedup, but can be disabled by this
     option.

   It is often necessary to check the content of a `configure.ac' file,
but parsing it yourself is extremely fragile and error-prone.  It is
suggested that you rely upon `--trace' to scan `configure.ac'.  For
instance, to find the list of variables that are substituted, use:

     $ autoconf -t AC_SUBST
     configure.ac:2:AC_SUBST:ECHO_C
     configure.ac:2:AC_SUBST:ECHO_N
     configure.ac:2:AC_SUBST:ECHO_T
     More traces deleted

The example below highlights the difference between `$@', `$*', and
*$%*.

     $ cat configure.ac
     AC_DEFINE(This, is, [an
     [example]])
     $ autoconf -t 'AC_DEFINE:@: $@
     *: $*
     $: $%'
     @: [This],[is],[an
     [example]]
     *: This,is,an
     [example]
     $: This:is:an [example]

The FORMAT gives you a lot of freedom:

     $ autoconf -t 'AC_SUBST:$$ac_subst{"$1"} = "$f:$l";'
     $ac_subst{"ECHO_C"} = "configure.ac:2";
     $ac_subst{"ECHO_N"} = "configure.ac:2";
     $ac_subst{"ECHO_T"} = "configure.ac:2";
     More traces deleted

A long SEPARATOR can be used to improve the readability of complex
structures, and to ease their parsing (for instance when no single
character is suitable as a separator):

     $ autoconf -t 'AM_MISSING_PROG:${|:::::|}*'
     ACLOCAL|:::::|aclocal|:::::|$missing_dir
     AUTOCONF|:::::|autoconf|:::::|$missing_dir
     AUTOMAKE|:::::|automake|:::::|$missing_dir
     More traces deleted


File: autoconf.info,  Node: autoreconf Invocation,  Prev: autoconf Invocation,  Up: Making configure Scripts

3.5 Using `autoreconf' to Update `configure' Scripts
====================================================

Installing the various components of the GNU Build System can be
tedious: running `autopoint' for Gettext, `automake' for `Makefile.in'
etc. in each directory.  It may be needed either because some tools
such as `automake' have been updated on your system, or because some of
the sources such as `configure.ac' have been updated, or finally,
simply in order to install the GNU Build System in a fresh tree.

   `autoreconf' runs `autoconf', `autoheader', `aclocal', `automake',
`libtoolize', and `autopoint' (when appropriate) repeatedly to update
the GNU Build System in the specified directories and their
subdirectories (*note Subdirectories::).  By default, it only remakes
those files that are older than their sources.

   If you install a new version of some tool, you can make `autoreconf'
remake _all_ of the files by giving it the `--force' option.

   *Note Automatic Remaking::, for `Makefile' rules to automatically
remake `configure' scripts when their source files change.  That method
handles the timestamps of configuration header templates properly, but
does not pass `--autoconf-dir=DIR' or `--localdir=DIR'.

`autoreconf' accepts the following options:

`--help'
`-h'
     Print a summary of the command line options and exit.

`--version'
`-V'
     Print the version number of Autoconf and exit.

`--verbose'
     Print the name of each directory where `autoreconf' runs
     `autoconf' (and `autoheader', if appropriate).

`--debug'
`-d'
     Don't remove the temporary files.

`--force'
`-f'
     Remake even `configure' scripts and configuration headers that are
     newer than their input files (`configure.ac' and, if present,
     `aclocal.m4').

`--install'
`-i'
     Install the missing auxiliary files in the package.  By default,
     files are copied; this can be changed with `--symlink'.

     This option triggers calls to `automake --add-missing',
     `libtoolize', `autopoint', etc.

`--symlink'
`-s'
     When used with `--install', install symbolic links to the missing
     auxiliary files instead of copying them.

`--make'
`-m'
     When the directories were configured, update the configuration by
     running `./config.status --recheck && ./config.status', and then
     run `make'.

`--include=DIR'
`-I DIR'
     Append DIR to the include path.  Multiple invocations accumulate.

`--prepend-include=DIR'

`-B DIR'
     Prepend DIR to the include path.  Multiple invocations accumulate.

`--warnings=CATEGORY'
`-W CATEGORY'
     Report the warnings related to CATEGORY (which can actually be a
     comma separated list).

    `cross'
          related to cross compilation issues.

    `obsolete'
          report the uses of obsolete constructs.

    `portability'
          portability issues

    `syntax'
          dubious syntactic constructs.

    `all'
          report all the warnings

    `none'
          report none

    `error'
          treats warnings as errors

    `no-CATEGORY'
          disable warnings falling into CATEGORY

     Warnings about `syntax' are enabled by default, and the environment
     variable `WARNINGS', a comma separated list of categories, is
     honored.  Passing `-W CATEGORY' will actually behave as if you had
     passed `--warnings=syntax,$WARNINGS,CATEGORY'.  If you want to
     disable the defaults and `WARNINGS', but (for example) enable the
     warnings about obsolete constructs, you would use `-W
     none,obsolete'.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Setup,  Next: Existing Tests,  Prev: Making configure Scripts,  Up: Top

4 Initialization and Output Files
*********************************

Autoconf-generated `configure' scripts need some information about how
to initialize, such as how to find the package's source files and about
the output files to produce.  The following sections describe the
initialization and the creation of output files.

* Menu:

* Initializing configure::      Option processing etc.
* Notices::                     Copyright, version numbers in `configure'
* Input::                       Where Autoconf should find files
* Output::                      Outputting results from the configuration
* Configuration Actions::       Preparing the output based on results
* Configuration Files::         Creating output files
* Makefile Substitutions::      Using output variables in `Makefile's
* Configuration Headers::       Creating a configuration header file
* Configuration Commands::      Running arbitrary instantiation commands
* Configuration Links::         Links depending on the configuration
* Subdirectories::              Configuring independent packages together
* Default Prefix::              Changing the default installation prefix


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Initializing configure,  Next: Notices,  Up: Setup

4.1 Initializing `configure'
============================

Every `configure' script must call `AC_INIT' before doing anything
else.  The only other required macro is `AC_OUTPUT' (*note Output::).

 -- Macro: AC_INIT (PACKAGE, VERSION, [BUG-REPORT], [TARNAME])
     Process any command-line arguments and perform various
     initializations and verifications.

     Set the name of the PACKAGE and its VERSION.  These are typically
     used in `--version' support, including that of `configure'.  The
     optional argument BUG-REPORT should be the email to which users
     should send bug reports.  The package TARNAME differs from
     PACKAGE: the latter designates the full package name (e.g., `GNU
     Autoconf'), while the former is meant for distribution tar ball
     names (e.g., `autoconf').  It defaults to PACKAGE with `GNU '
     stripped, lower-cased, and all characters other than alphanumerics
     and underscores are changed to `-'.

     It is preferable that the arguments of `AC_INIT' be static, i.e.,
     there should not be any shell computation, but they can be
     computed by M4.

     The following M4 macros (e.g., `AC_PACKAGE_NAME'), output variables
     (e.g., `PACKAGE_NAME'), and preprocessor symbols (e.g.,
     `PACKAGE_NAME') are defined by `AC_INIT':

    `AC_PACKAGE_NAME', `PACKAGE_NAME'
          Exactly PACKAGE.

    `AC_PACKAGE_TARNAME', `PACKAGE_TARNAME'
          Exactly TARNAME.

    `AC_PACKAGE_VERSION', `PACKAGE_VERSION'
          Exactly VERSION.

    `AC_PACKAGE_STRING', `PACKAGE_STRING'
          Exactly `PACKAGE VERSION'.

    `AC_PACKAGE_BUGREPORT', `PACKAGE_BUGREPORT'
          Exactly BUG-REPORT.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Notices,  Next: Input,  Prev: Initializing configure,  Up: Setup

4.2 Notices in `configure'
==========================

The following macros manage version numbers for `configure' scripts.
Using them is optional.

 -- Macro: AC_PREREQ (VERSION)
     Ensure that a recent enough version of Autoconf is being used.  If
     the version of Autoconf being used to create `configure' is earlier
     than VERSION, print an error message to the standard error output
     and do not create `configure'.  For example:

          AC_PREREQ(2.56)

     This macro is the only macro that may be used before `AC_INIT', but
     for consistency, you are invited not to do so.

 -- Macro: AC_COPYRIGHT (COPYRIGHT-NOTICE)
     State that, in addition to the Free Software Foundation's
     copyright on the Autoconf macros, parts of your `configure' are
     covered by the COPYRIGHT-NOTICE.

     The COPYRIGHT-NOTICE will show up in both the head of `configure'
     and in `configure --version'.

 -- Macro: AC_REVISION (REVISION-INFO)
     Copy revision stamp REVISION-INFO into the `configure' script,
     with any dollar signs or double-quotes removed.  This macro lets
     you put a revision stamp from `configure.ac' into `configure'
     without RCS or CVS changing it when you check in `configure'.
     That way, you can determine easily which revision of
     `configure.ac' a particular `configure' corresponds to.

     For example, this line in `configure.ac':

          AC_REVISION($Revision: 1.30 $)

     produces this in `configure':

          #! /bin/sh
          # From configure.ac Revision: 1.30


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Input,  Next: Output,  Prev: Notices,  Up: Setup

4.3 Finding `configure' Input
=============================

 -- Macro: AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR (UNIQUE-FILE-IN-SOURCE-DIR)
     UNIQUE-FILE-IN-SOURCE-DIR is some file that is in the package's
     source directory; `configure' checks for this file's existence to
     make sure that the directory that it is told contains the source
     code in fact does.  Occasionally people accidentally specify the
     wrong directory with `--srcdir'; this is a safety check.  *Note
     configure Invocation::, for more information.

   Packages that do manual configuration or use the `install' program
might need to tell `configure' where to find some other shell scripts
by calling `AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR', though the default places it looks are
correct for most cases.

 -- Macro: AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR (DIR)
     Use the auxiliary build tools (e.g., `install-sh', `config.sub',
     `config.guess', Cygnus `configure', Automake and Libtool scripts
     etc.) that are in directory DIR.  These are auxiliary files used
     in configuration.  DIR can be either absolute or relative to
     `SRCDIR'.  The default is `SRCDIR' or `SRCDIR/..' or
     `SRCDIR/../..', whichever is the first that contains `install-sh'.
     The other files are not checked for, so that using
     `AC_PROG_INSTALL' does not automatically require distributing the
     other auxiliary files.  It checks for `install.sh' also, but that
     name is obsolete because some `make' have a rule that creates
     `install' from it if there is no `Makefile'.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Output,  Next: Configuration Actions,  Prev: Input,  Up: Setup

4.4 Outputting Files
====================

Every Autoconf script, e.g., `configure.ac', should finish by calling
`AC_OUTPUT'.  That is the macro that generates `config.status', which
will create the `Makefile's and any other files resulting from
configuration.  This is the only required macro besides `AC_INIT'
(*note Input::).

 -- Macro: AC_OUTPUT
     Generate `config.status' and launch it.  Call this macro once, at
     the end of `configure.ac'.

     `config.status' will perform all the configuration actions: all the
     output files (see *Note Configuration Files::, macro
     `AC_CONFIG_FILES'), header files (see *Note Configuration
     Headers::, macro `AC_CONFIG_HEADERS'), commands (see *Note
     Configuration Commands::, macro `AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS'), links (see
     *Note Configuration Links::, macro `AC_CONFIG_LINKS'),
     subdirectories to configure (see *Note Subdirectories::, macro
     `AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS') are honored.

   Historically, the usage of `AC_OUTPUT' was somewhat different.
*Note Obsolete Macros::, for a description of the arguments that
`AC_OUTPUT' used to support.

   If you run `make' in subdirectories, you should run it using the
`make' variable `MAKE'.  Most versions of `make' set `MAKE' to the name
of the `make' program plus any options it was given.  (But many do not
include in it the values of any variables set on the command line, so
those are not passed on automatically.)  Some old versions of `make' do
not set this variable.  The following macro allows you to use it even
with those versions.

 -- Macro: AC_PROG_MAKE_SET
     If `make' predefines the Make variable `MAKE', define output
     variable `SET_MAKE' to be empty.  Otherwise, define `SET_MAKE' to
     contain `MAKE=make'.  Calls `AC_SUBST' for `SET_MAKE'.

   If you use this macro, place a line like this in each `Makefile.in'
that runs `MAKE' on other directories:

     @SET_MAKE@


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Configuration Actions,  Next: Configuration Files,  Prev: Output,  Up: Setup

4.5 Performing Configuration Actions
====================================

`configure' is designed so that it appears to do everything itself, but
there is actually a hidden slave: `config.status'.  `configure' is in
charge of examining your system, but it is `config.status' that
actually takes the proper actions based on the results of `configure'.
The most typical task of `config.status' is to _instantiate_ files.

   This section describes the common behavior of the four standard
instantiating macros: `AC_CONFIG_FILES', `AC_CONFIG_HEADERS',
`AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS' and `AC_CONFIG_LINKS'.  They all have this
prototype:

     AC_CONFIG_FOOS(TAG..., [COMMANDS], [INIT-CMDS])

where the arguments are:

TAG...
     A whitespace-separated list of tags, which are typically the names
     of the files to instantiate.

     You are encouraged to use literals as TAGS.  In particular, you
     should avoid

          ... && my_foos="$my_foos fooo"
          ... && my_foos="$my_foos foooo"
          AC_CONFIG_FOOS($my_foos)

     and use this instead:

          ... && AC_CONFIG_FOOS(fooo)
          ... && AC_CONFIG_FOOS(foooo)

     The macros `AC_CONFIG_FILES' and `AC_CONFIG_HEADERS' use special
     TAGs: they may have the form `OUTPUT' or `OUTPUT:INPUTS'.  The
     file OUTPUT is instantiated from its templates, INPUTS (defaulting
     to `OUTPUT.in').

     For instance
     `AC_CONFIG_FILES(Makefile:boiler/top.mk:boiler/bot.mk)' asks for
     the creation of `Makefile' that will be the expansion of the
     output variables in the concatenation of `boiler/top.mk' and
     `boiler/bot.mk'.

     The special value `-' might be used to denote the standard output
     when used in OUTPUT, or the standard input when used in the
     INPUTS.  You most probably don't need to use this in
     `configure.ac', but it is convenient when using the command line
     interface of `./config.status', see *Note config.status
     Invocation::, for more details.

     The INPUTS may be absolute or relative filenames.  In the latter
     case they are first looked for in the build tree, and then in the
     source tree.

COMMANDS
     Shell commands output literally into `config.status', and
     associated with a tag that the user can use to tell `config.status'
     which the commands to run.  The commands are run each time a TAG
     request is given to `config.status', typically each time the file
     `TAG' is created.

     The variables set during the execution of `configure' are _not_
     available here: you first need to set them via the INIT-CMDS.
     Nonetheless the following variables are precomputed:

    `srcdir'
          The path from the top build directory to the top source
          directory.  This is what `configure''s option `--srcdir' sets.

    `ac_top_srcdir'
          The path from the current build directory to the top source
          directory.

    `ac_top_builddir'
          The path from the current build directory to the top build
          directory.  It can be empty, or else ends with a slash, so
          that you may concatenate it.

    `ac_srcdir'
          The path from the current build directory to the
          corresponding source directory.

     The "current" directory refers to the directory (or
     pseudo-directory) containing the input part of TAGS.  For
     instance, running

          AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS([deep/dir/out:in/in.in], [...], [...])

     with `--srcdir=../package' produces the following values:

          # Argument of --srcdir
          srcdir='../package'
          # Reversing deep/dir
          ac_top_builddir='../../'
          # Concatenation of $ac_top_builddir and srcdir
          ac_top_srcdir='../../../package'
          # Concatenation of $ac_top_srcdir and deep/dir
          ac_srcdir='../../../package/deep/dir'

     independently of `in/in.in'.

INIT-CMDS
     Shell commands output _unquoted_ near the beginning of
     `config.status', and executed each time `config.status' runs
     (regardless of the tag).  Because they are unquoted, for example,
     `$var' will be output as the value of `var'.  INIT-CMDS is
     typically used by `configure' to give `config.status' some
     variables it needs to run the COMMANDS.

     You should be extremely cautious in your variable names: all the
     INIT-CMDS share the same name space and may overwrite each other
     in unpredictable ways.  Sorry....

   All these macros can be called multiple times, with different TAGs,
of course!


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Configuration Files,  Next: Makefile Substitutions,  Prev: Configuration Actions,  Up: Setup

4.6 Creating Configuration Files
================================

Be sure to read the previous section, *Note Configuration Actions::.

 -- Macro: AC_CONFIG_FILES (FILE..., [CMDS], [INIT-CMDS])
     Make `AC_OUTPUT' create each `FILE' by copying an input file (by
     default `FILE.in'), substituting the output variable values.  This
     macro is one of the instantiating macros; see *Note Configuration
     Actions::.  *Note Makefile Substitutions::, for more information
     on using output variables.  *Note Setting Output Variables::, for
     more information on creating them.  This macro creates the
     directory that the file is in if it doesn't exist.  Usually,
     `Makefile's are created this way, but other files, such as
     `.gdbinit', can be specified as well.

     Typical calls to `AC_CONFIG_FILES' look like this:

          AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile src/Makefile man/Makefile X/Imakefile])
          AC_CONFIG_FILES([autoconf], [chmod +x autoconf])

     You can override an input file name by appending to FILE a
     colon-separated list of input files.  Examples:

          AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile:boiler/top.mk:boiler/bot.mk]
                          [lib/Makefile:boiler/lib.mk])

     Doing this allows you to keep your file names acceptable to
     MS-DOS, or to prepend and/or append boilerplate to the file.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Makefile Substitutions,  Next: Configuration Headers,  Prev: Configuration Files,  Up: Setup

4.7 Substitutions in Makefiles
==============================

Each subdirectory in a distribution that contains something to be
compiled or installed should come with a file `Makefile.in', from which
`configure' will create a `Makefile' in that directory.  To create a
`Makefile', `configure' performs a simple variable substitution,
replacing occurrences of `@VARIABLE@' in `Makefile.in' with the value
that `configure' has determined for that variable.  Variables that are
substituted into output files in this way are called "output
variables".  They are ordinary shell variables that are set in
`configure'.  To make `configure' substitute a particular variable into
the output files, the macro `AC_SUBST' must be called with that
variable name as an argument.  Any occurrences of `@VARIABLE@' for
other variables are left unchanged.  *Note Setting Output Variables::,
for more information on creating output variables with `AC_SUBST'.

   A software package that uses a `configure' script should be
distributed with a file `Makefile.in', but no `Makefile'; that way, the
user has to properly configure the package for the local system before
compiling it.

   *Note Makefile Conventions: (standards)Makefile Conventions, for
more information on what to put in `Makefile's.

* Menu:

* Preset Output Variables::     Output variables that are always set
* Installation Directory Variables::  Other preset output variables
* Build Directories::           Supporting multiple concurrent compiles
* Automatic Remaking::          Makefile rules for configuring


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Preset Output Variables,  Next: Installation Directory Variables,  Up: Makefile Substitutions

4.7.1 Preset Output Variables
-----------------------------

Some output variables are preset by the Autoconf macros.  Some of the
Autoconf macros set additional output variables, which are mentioned in
the descriptions for those macros.  *Note Output Variable Index::, for a
complete list of output variables.  *Note Installation Directory
Variables::, for the list of the preset ones related to installation
directories.  Below are listed the other preset ones.  They all are
precious variables (*note Setting Output Variables::, `AC_ARG_VAR').

 -- Variable: CFLAGS
     Debugging and optimization options for the C compiler.  If it is
     not set in the environment when `configure' runs, the default
     value is set when you call `AC_PROG_CC' (or empty if you don't).
     `configure' uses this variable when compiling programs to test for
     C features.

 -- Variable: configure_input
     A comment saying that the file was generated automatically by
     `configure' and giving the name of the input file.  `AC_OUTPUT'
     adds a comment line containing this variable to the top of every
     `Makefile' it creates.  For other files, you should reference this
     variable in a comment at the top of each input file.  For example,
     an input shell script should begin like this:

          #! /bin/sh
          # @configure_input@

     The presence of that line also reminds people editing the file
     that it needs to be processed by `configure' in order to be used.

 -- Variable: CPPFLAGS
     Header file search directory (`-IDIR') and any other miscellaneous
     options for the C and C++ preprocessors and compilers.  If it is
     not set in the environment when `configure' runs, the default
     value is empty.  `configure' uses this variable when compiling or
     preprocessing programs to test for C and C++ features.

 -- Variable: CXXFLAGS
     Debugging and optimization options for the C++ compiler.  If it is
     not set in the environment when `configure' runs, the default
     value is set when you call `AC_PROG_CXX' (or empty if you don't).
     `configure' uses this variable when compiling programs to test for
     C++ features.

 -- Variable: DEFS
     `-D' options to pass to the C compiler.  If `AC_CONFIG_HEADERS' is
     called, `configure' replaces `@DEFS@' with `-DHAVE_CONFIG_H'
     instead (*note Configuration Headers::).  This variable is not
     defined while `configure' is performing its tests, only when
     creating the output files.  *Note Setting Output Variables::, for
     how to check the results of previous tests.

 -- Variable: ECHO_C
 -- Variable: ECHO_N
 -- Variable: ECHO_T
     How does one suppress the trailing newline from `echo' for
     question-answer message pairs?  These variables provide a way:

          echo $ECHO_N "And the winner is... $ECHO_C"
          sleep 100000000000
          echo "${ECHO_T}dead."

     Some old and uncommon `echo' implementations offer no means to
     achieve this, in which case `ECHO_T' is set to tab.  You might not
     want to use it.

 -- Variable: FFLAGS
     Debugging and optimization options for the Fortran 77 compiler.
     If it is not set in the environment when `configure' runs, the
     default value is set when you call `AC_PROG_F77' (or empty if you
     don't).  `configure' uses this variable when compiling programs to
     test for Fortran 77 features.

 -- Variable: LDFLAGS
     Stripping (`-s'), path (`-L'), and any other miscellaneous options
     for the linker.  Don't use this variable to pass library names
     (`-l') to the linker, use `LIBS' instead.  If it is not set in the
     environment when `configure' runs, the default value is empty.
     `configure' uses this variable when linking programs to test for
     C, C++ and Fortran 77 features.

 -- Variable: LIBS
     `-l' options to pass to the linker.  The default value is empty,
     but some Autoconf macros may prepend extra libraries to this
     variable if those libraries are found and provide necessary
     functions, see *Note Libraries::.  `configure' uses this variable
     when linking programs to test for C, C++ and Fortran 77 features.

 -- Variable: builddir
     Rigorously equal to `.'.  Added for symmetry only.

 -- Variable: abs_builddir
     Absolute path of `builddir'.

 -- Variable: top_builddir
     The relative path to the top-level of the current build tree.  In
     the top-level directory, this is the same as `builddir'.

 -- Variable: abs_top_builddir
     Absolute path of `top_builddir'.

 -- Variable: srcdir
     The relative path to the directory that contains the source code
     for that `Makefile'.

 -- Variable: abs_srcdir
     Absolute path of `srcdir'.

 -- Variable: top_srcdir
     The relative path to the top-level source code directory for the
     package.  In the top-level directory, this is the same as `srcdir'.

 -- Variable: abs_top_srcdir
     Absolute path of `top_srcdir'.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Installation Directory Variables,  Next: Build Directories,  Prev: Preset Output Variables,  Up: Makefile Substitutions

4.7.2 Installation Directory Variables
--------------------------------------

The following variables specify the directories where the package will
be installed, see *Note Variables for Installation Directories:
(standards)Directory Variables, for more information.  See the end of
this section for details on when and how to use these variables.

 -- Variable: bindir
     The directory for installing executables that users run.

 -- Variable: datadir
     The directory for installing read-only architecture-independent
     data.

 -- Variable: exec_prefix
     The installation prefix for architecture-dependent files.  By
     default it's the same as PREFIX.  You should avoid installing
     anything directly to EXEC_PREFIX.  However, the default value for
     directories containing architecture-dependent files should be
     relative to EXEC_PREFIX.

 -- Variable: includedir
     The directory for installing C header files.

 -- Variable: infodir
     The directory for installing documentation in Info format.

 -- Variable: libdir
     The directory for installing object code libraries.

 -- Variable: libexecdir
     The directory for installing executables that other programs run.

 -- Variable: localstatedir
     The directory for installing modifiable single-machine data.

 -- Variable: mandir
     The top-level directory for installing documentation in man format.

 -- Variable: oldincludedir
     The directory for installing C header files for non-GCC compilers.

 -- Variable: prefix
     The common installation prefix for all files.  If EXEC_PREFIX is
     defined to a different value, PREFIX is used only for
     architecture-independent files.

 -- Variable: sbindir
     The directory for installing executables that system
     administrators run.

 -- Variable: sharedstatedir
     The directory for installing modifiable architecture-independent
     data.

 -- Variable: sysconfdir
     The directory for installing read-only single-machine data.

   Most of these variables have values that rely on `prefix' or
`exec_prefix'.  It is deliberate that the directory output variables
keep them unexpanded: typically `@datadir@' will be replaced by
`${prefix}/share', not `/usr/local/share'.

   This behavior is mandated by the GNU coding standards, so that when
the user runs:

`make'
     she can still specify a different prefix from the one specified to
     `configure', in which case, if needed, the package shall hard code
     dependencies corresponding to the make-specified prefix.

`make install'
     she can specify a different installation location, in which case
     the package _must_ still depend on the location which was compiled
     in (i.e., never recompile when `make install' is run).  This is an
     extremely important feature, as many people may decide to install
     all the files of a package grouped together, and then install
     links from the final locations to there.

   In order to support these features, it is essential that `datadir'
remains being defined as `${prefix}/share' to depend upon the current
value of `prefix'.

   A corollary is that you should not use these variables except in
Makefiles.  For instance, instead of trying to evaluate `datadir' in
`configure' and hard-coding it in Makefiles using e.g.,
`AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(DATADIR, "$datadir")', you should add
`-DDATADIR="$(datadir)"' to your `CPPFLAGS'.

   Similarly you should not rely on `AC_OUTPUT_FILES' to replace
`datadir' and friends in your shell scripts and other files, rather let
`make' manage their replacement.  For instance Autoconf ships templates
of its shell scripts ending with `.in', and uses a Makefile snippet
similar to:

     edit = sed \
             -e 's,@datadir\@,$(pkgdatadir),g' \
             -e 's,@prefix\@,$(prefix),g'

     autoconf: Makefile $(srcdir)/autoconf.in
             rm -f autoconf autoconf.tmp
             $(edit) $(srcdir)/autoconf.in >autoconf.tmp
             chmod +x autoconf.tmp
             mv autoconf.tmp autoconf

     autoheader: Makefile $(srcdir)/autoheader.in
             rm -f autoheader autoheader.tmp
             $(edit) $(srcdir)/autoconf.in >autoheader.tmp
             chmod +x autoheader.tmp
             mv autoheader.tmp autoheader

   Some details are noteworthy:

`@datadir\@'
     The backslash prevents `configure' from replacing `@datadir@' in
     the sed expression itself.

`$(pkgdatadir)'
     Don't use `@pkgdatadir@'!  Use the matching makefile variable
     instead.

`,'
     Don't use `/' in the sed expression(s) since most likely the
     variables you use, such as `$(pkgdatadir)', will contain some.

`Dependency on `Makefile''
     Since `edit' uses values that depend on the configuration specific
     values (`prefix' etc.) and not only on `VERSION' and so forth, the
     output depends on `Makefile', not `configure.ac'.

`Separated dependencies and Single Suffix Rules'
     You can't use them!  The above snippet cannot be (portably)
     rewritten as:

          autoconf autoheader: Makefile
          .in:
                  rm -f $@ $@.tmp
                  $(edit) $< >$@.tmp
                  chmod +x $@.tmp
                  mv $@.tmp $@

     *Note Limitations of Make::, for details.

``$(srcdir)''
     Be sure to specify the path to the sources, otherwise the package
     won't support separated builds.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Build Directories,  Next: Automatic Remaking,  Prev: Installation Directory Variables,  Up: Makefile Substitutions

4.7.3 Build Directories
-----------------------

You can support compiling a software package for several architectures
simultaneously from the same copy of the source code.  The object files
for each architecture are kept in their own directory.

   To support doing this, `make' uses the `VPATH' variable to find the
files that are in the source directory.  GNU Make and most other recent
`make' programs can do this.  Older `make' programs do not support
`VPATH'; when using them, the source code must be in the same directory
as the object files.

   To support `VPATH', each `Makefile.in' should contain two lines that
look like:

     srcdir = @srcdir@
     VPATH = @srcdir@

   Do not set `VPATH' to the value of another variable, for example
`VPATH = $(srcdir)', because some versions of `make' do not do variable
substitutions on the value of `VPATH'.

   `configure' substitutes the correct value for `srcdir' when it
produces `Makefile'.

   Do not use the `make' variable `$<', which expands to the file name
of the file in the source directory (found with `VPATH'), except in
implicit rules.  (An implicit rule is one such as `.c.o', which tells
how to create a `.o' file from a `.c' file.)  Some versions of `make'
do not set `$<' in explicit rules; they expand it to an empty value.

   Instead, `Makefile' command lines should always refer to source
files by prefixing them with `$(srcdir)/'.  For example:

     time.info: time.texinfo
             $(MAKEINFO) $(srcdir)/time.texinfo


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Automatic Remaking,  Prev: Build Directories,  Up: Makefile Substitutions

4.7.4 Automatic Remaking
------------------------

You can put rules like the following in the top-level `Makefile.in' for
a package to automatically update the configuration information when
you change the configuration files.  This example includes all of the
optional files, such as `aclocal.m4' and those related to configuration
header files.  Omit from the `Makefile.in' rules for any of these files
that your package does not use.

   The `$(srcdir)/' prefix is included because of limitations in the
`VPATH' mechanism.

   The `stamp-' files are necessary because the timestamps of
`config.h.in' and `config.h' will not be changed if remaking them does
not change their contents.  This feature avoids unnecessary
recompilation.  You should include the file `stamp-h.in' your package's
distribution, so `make' will consider `config.h.in' up to date.  Don't
use `touch' (*note Limitations of Usual Tools::), rather use `echo'
(using `date' would cause needless differences, hence CVS conflicts
etc.).

     $(srcdir)/configure: configure.ac aclocal.m4
             cd $(srcdir) && autoconf

     # autoheader might not change config.h.in, so touch a stamp file.
     $(srcdir)/config.h.in: stamp-h.in
     $(srcdir)/stamp-h.in: configure.ac aclocal.m4
             cd $(srcdir) && autoheader
             echo timestamp > $(srcdir)/stamp-h.in

     config.h: stamp-h
     stamp-h: config.h.in config.status
             ./config.status

     Makefile: Makefile.in config.status
             ./config.status

     config.status: configure
             ./config.status --recheck

(Be careful if you copy these lines directly into your Makefile, as you
will need to convert the indented lines to start with the tab
character.)

   In addition, you should use `AC_CONFIG_FILES([stamp-h], [echo
timestamp > stamp-h])' so `config.status' will ensure that `config.h'
is considered up to date.  *Note Output::, for more information about
`AC_OUTPUT'.

   *Note config.status Invocation::, for more examples of handling
configuration-related dependencies.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Configuration Headers,  Next: Configuration Commands,  Prev: Makefile Substitutions,  Up: Setup

4.8 Configuration Header Files
==============================

When a package contains more than a few tests that define C preprocessor
symbols, the command lines to pass `-D' options to the compiler can get
quite long.  This causes two problems.  One is that the `make' output
is hard to visually scan for errors.  More seriously, the command lines
can exceed the length limits of some operating systems.  As an
alternative to passing `-D' options to the compiler, `configure'
scripts can create a C header file containing `#define' directives.
The `AC_CONFIG_HEADERS' macro selects this kind of output.  It should
be called right after `AC_INIT'.

   The package should `#include' the configuration header file before
any other header files, to prevent inconsistencies in declarations (for
example, if it redefines `const').  Use `#include <config.h>' instead
of `#include "config.h"', and pass the C compiler a `-I.' option (or
`-I..'; whichever directory contains `config.h').  That way, even if
the source directory is configured itself (perhaps to make a
distribution), other build directories can also be configured without
finding the `config.h' from the source directory.

 -- Macro: AC_CONFIG_HEADERS (HEADER ..., [CMDS], [INIT-CMDS])
     This macro is one of the instantiating macros; see *Note
     Configuration Actions::.  Make `AC_OUTPUT' create the file(s) in
     the whitespace-separated list HEADER containing C preprocessor
     `#define' statements, and replace `@DEFS@' in generated files with
     `-DHAVE_CONFIG_H' instead of the value of `DEFS'.  The usual name
     for HEADER is `config.h'.

     If HEADER already exists and its contents are identical to what
     `AC_OUTPUT' would put in it, it is left alone.  Doing this allows
     making some changes in the configuration without needlessly causing
     object files that depend on the header file to be recompiled.

     Usually the input file is named `HEADER.in'; however, you can
     override the input file name by appending to HEADER a
     colon-separated list of input files.  Examples:

          AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([config.h:config.hin])
          AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([defines.h:defs.pre:defines.h.in:defs.post])

     Doing this allows you to keep your file names acceptable to
     MS-DOS, or to prepend and/or append boilerplate to the file.

   *Note Configuration Actions::, for more details on HEADER.

* Menu:

* Header Templates::            Input for the configuration headers
* autoheader Invocation::       How to create configuration templates
* Autoheader Macros::           How to specify CPP templates


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Header Templates,  Next: autoheader Invocation,  Up: Configuration Headers

4.8.1 Configuration Header Templates
------------------------------------

Your distribution should contain a template file that looks as you want
the final header file to look, including comments, with `#undef'
statements which are used as hooks.  For example, suppose your
`configure.ac' makes these calls:

     AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([conf.h])
     AC_CHECK_HEADERS([unistd.h])

Then you could have code like the following in `conf.h.in'.  On systems
that have `unistd.h', `configure' will `#define' `HAVE_UNISTD_H' to 1.
On other systems, the whole line will be commented out (in case the
system predefines that symbol).

     /* Define as 1 if you have unistd.h.  */
     #undef HAVE_UNISTD_H

   Pay attention that `#undef' is in the first column, and there is
nothing behind `HAVE_UNISTD_H', not even white spaces.  You can then
decode the configuration header using the preprocessor directives:

     #include <conf.h>

     #if HAVE_UNISTD_H
     # include <unistd.h>
     #else
     /* We are in trouble.  */
     #endif

   The use of old form templates, with `#define' instead of `#undef' is
strongly discouraged.  Similarly with old templates with comments on
the same line as the `#undef'.  Anyway, putting comments in
preprocessor macros has never been a good idea.

   Since it is a tedious task to keep a template header up to date, you
may use `autoheader' to generate it, see *Note autoheader Invocation::.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: autoheader Invocation,  Next: Autoheader Macros,  Prev: Header Templates,  Up: Configuration Headers

4.8.2 Using `autoheader' to Create `config.h.in'
------------------------------------------------

The `autoheader' program can create a template file of C `#define'
statements for `configure' to use.  If `configure.ac' invokes
`AC_CONFIG_HEADERS(FILE)', `autoheader' creates `FILE.in'; if multiple
file arguments are given, the first one is used.  Otherwise,
`autoheader' creates `config.h.in'.

   In order to do its job, `autoheader' needs you to document all of
the symbols that you might use; i.e., there must be at least one
`AC_DEFINE' or one `AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED' call with a third argument for
each symbol (*note Defining Symbols::).  An additional constraint is
that the first argument of `AC_DEFINE' must be a literal.  Note that
all symbols defined by Autoconf's builtin tests are already documented
properly; you only need to document those that you define yourself.

   You might wonder why `autoheader' is needed: after all, why would
`configure' need to "patch" a `config.h.in' to produce a `config.h'
instead of just creating `config.h' from scratch?  Well, when
everything rocks, the answer is just that we are wasting our time
maintaining `autoheader': generating `config.h' directly is all that is
needed.  When things go wrong, however, you'll be thankful for the
existence of `autoheader'.

   The fact that the symbols are documented is important in order to
_check_ that `config.h' makes sense.  The fact that there is a
well-defined list of symbols that should be `#define''d (or not) is
also important for people who are porting packages to environments where
`configure' cannot be run: they just have to _fill in the blanks_.

   But let's come back to the point: `autoheader''s invocation...

   If you give `autoheader' an argument, it uses that file instead of
`configure.ac' and writes the header file to the standard output
instead of to `config.h.in'.  If you give `autoheader' an argument of
`-', it reads the standard input instead of `configure.ac' and writes
the header file to the standard output.

   `autoheader' accepts the following options:

`--help'
`-h'
     Print a summary of the command line options and exit.

`--version'
`-V'
     Print the version number of Autoconf and exit.

`--verbose'
`-v'
     Report processing steps.

`--debug'
`-d'
     Don't remove the temporary files.

`--force'
`-f'
     Remake the template file even if newer than its input files.

`--include=DIR'
`-I DIR'
     Append DIR to include path.  Multiple invocations accumulate.

`--prepend-include=DIR'

`-B DIR'
     Prepend DIR to include path.  Multiple invocations accumulate.

`--warnings=CATEGORY'
`-W CATEGORY'
     Report the warnings related to CATEGORY (which can actually be a
     comma separated list).  Current categories include:

    `obsolete'
          report the uses of obsolete constructs

    `all'
          report all the warnings

    `none'
          report none

    `error'
          treats warnings as errors

    `no-CATEGORY'
          disable warnings falling into CATEGORY



File: autoconf.info,  Node: Autoheader Macros,  Prev: autoheader Invocation,  Up: Configuration Headers

4.8.3 Autoheader Macros
-----------------------

`autoheader' scans `configure.ac' and figures out which C preprocessor
symbols it might define.  It knows how to generate templates for
symbols defined by `AC_CHECK_HEADERS', `AC_CHECK_FUNCS' etc., but if
you `AC_DEFINE' any additional symbol, you must define a template for
it.  If there are missing templates, `autoheader' fails with an error
message.

   The simplest way to create a template for a SYMBOL is to supply the
DESCRIPTION argument to an `AC_DEFINE(SYMBOL)'; see *Note Defining
Symbols::.  You may also use one of the following macros.

 -- Macro: AH_VERBATIM (KEY, TEMPLATE)
     Tell `autoheader' to include the TEMPLATE as-is in the header
     template file.  This TEMPLATE is associated with the KEY, which is
     used to sort all the different templates and guarantee their
     uniqueness.  It should be a symbol that can be `AC_DEFINE''d.

     For example:

          AH_VERBATIM([_GNU_SOURCE],
          [/* Enable GNU extensions on systems that have them.  */
          #ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
          # define _GNU_SOURCE
          #endif])

 -- Macro: AH_TEMPLATE (KEY, DESCRIPTION)
     Tell `autoheader' to generate a template for KEY.  This macro
     generates standard templates just like `AC_DEFINE' when a
     DESCRIPTION is given.

     For example:

          AH_TEMPLATE([CRAY_STACKSEG_END],
                      [Define to one of _getb67, GETB67, getb67
                       for Cray-2 and Cray-YMP systems.  This
                       function is required for alloca.c support
                       on those systems.])

     will generate the following template, with the description properly
     justified.

          /* Define to one of _getb67, GETB67, getb67 for Cray-2 and
             Cray-YMP systems.  This function is required for alloca.c
             support on those systems.  */
          #undef CRAY_STACKSEG_END

 -- Macro: AH_TOP (TEXT)
     Include TEXT at the top of the header template file.

 -- Macro: AH_BOTTOM (TEXT)
     Include TEXT at the bottom of the header template file.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Configuration Commands,  Next: Configuration Links,  Prev: Configuration Headers,  Up: Setup

4.9 Running Arbitrary Configuration Commands
============================================

You can execute arbitrary commands before, during, and after
`config.status' is run.  The three following macros accumulate the
commands to run when they are called multiple times.
`AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS' replaces the obsolete macro `AC_OUTPUT_COMMANDS';
see *Note Obsolete Macros::, for details.

 -- Macro: AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS (TAG..., [CMDS], [INIT-CMDS])
     Specify additional shell commands to run at the end of
     `config.status', and shell commands to initialize any variables
     from `configure'.  Associate the commands with TAG.  Since
     typically the CMDS create a file, TAG should naturally be the name
     of that file.  This macro is one of the instantiating macros; see
     *Note Configuration Actions::.

     Here is an unrealistic example:
          fubar=42
          AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS([fubar],
                             [echo this is extra $fubar, and so on.],
                             [fubar=$fubar])

     Here is a better one:
          AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS([time-stamp], [date >time-stamp])

 -- Macro: AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS_PRE (CMDS)
     Execute the CMDS right before creating `config.status'.

 -- Macro: AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS_POST (CMDS)
     Execute the CMDS right after creating `config.status'.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Configuration Links,  Next: Subdirectories,  Prev: Configuration Commands,  Up: Setup

4.10 Creating Configuration Links
=================================

You may find it convenient to create links whose destinations depend
upon results of tests.  One can use `AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS' but the
creation of relative symbolic links can be delicate when the package is
built in a directory different from the source directory.

 -- Macro: AC_CONFIG_LINKS (DEST:SOURCE..., [CMDS], [INIT-CMDS])
     Make `AC_OUTPUT' link each of the existing files SOURCE to the
     corresponding link name DEST.  Makes a symbolic link if possible,
     otherwise a hard link if possible, otherwise a copy.  The DEST and
     SOURCE names should be relative to the top level source or build
     directory.  This macro is one of the instantiating macros; see
     *Note Configuration Actions::.

     For example, this call:

          AC_CONFIG_LINKS(host.h:config/$machine.h
                          object.h:config/$obj_format.h)

     creates in the current directory `host.h' as a link to
     `SRCDIR/config/$machine.h', and `object.h' as a link to
     `SRCDIR/config/$obj_format.h'.

     The tempting value `.' for DEST is invalid: it makes it impossible
     for `config.status' to guess the links to establish.

     One can then run:
          ./config.status host.h object.h
     to create the links.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Subdirectories,  Next: Default Prefix,  Prev: Configuration Links,  Up: Setup

4.11 Configuring Other Packages in Subdirectories
=================================================

In most situations, calling `AC_OUTPUT' is sufficient to produce
`Makefile's in subdirectories.  However, `configure' scripts that
control more than one independent package can use `AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS'
to run `configure' scripts for other packages in subdirectories.

 -- Macro: AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS (DIR ...)
     Make `AC_OUTPUT' run `configure' in each subdirectory DIR in the
     given whitespace-separated list.  Each DIR should be a literal,
     i.e., please do not use:

          if test "$package_foo_enabled" = yes; then
            $my_subdirs="$my_subdirs foo"
          fi
          AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS($my_subdirs)

     because this prevents `./configure --help=recursive' from
     displaying the options of the package `foo'.  Rather, you should
     write:

          if test "$package_foo_enabled" = yes; then
            AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS(foo)
          fi

     If a given DIR is not found, an error is reported: if the
     subdirectory is optional, write:

          if test -d $srcdir/foo; then
            AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS(foo)
          fi

     If a given DIR contains `configure.gnu', it is run instead of
     `configure'.  This is for packages that might use a non-Autoconf
     script `Configure', which can't be called through a wrapper
     `configure' since it would be the same file on case-insensitive
     filesystems.  Likewise, if a DIR contains `configure.in' but no
     `configure', the Cygnus `configure' script found by
     `AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR' is used.

     The subdirectory `configure' scripts are given the same command
     line options that were given to this `configure' script, with minor
     changes if needed, which include:

        - adjusting a relative path for the cache file;

        - adjusting a relative path for the source directory;

        - propagating the current value of `$prefix', including if it
          was defaulted, and if the default values of the top level and
          of the subdirectory `configure' differ.

     This macro also sets the output variable `subdirs' to the list of
     directories `DIR ...'.  `Makefile' rules can use this variable to
     determine which subdirectories to recurse into.

     This macro may be called multiple times.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Default Prefix,  Prev: Subdirectories,  Up: Setup

4.12 Default Prefix
===================

By default, `configure' sets the prefix for files it installs to
`/usr/local'.  The user of `configure' can select a different prefix
using the `--prefix' and `--exec-prefix' options.  There are two ways
to change the default: when creating `configure', and when running it.

   Some software packages might want to install in a directory other
than `/usr/local' by default.  To accomplish that, use the
`AC_PREFIX_DEFAULT' macro.

 -- Macro: AC_PREFIX_DEFAULT (PREFIX)
     Set the default installation prefix to PREFIX instead of
     `/usr/local'.

   It may be convenient for users to have `configure' guess the
installation prefix from the location of a related program that they
have already installed.  If you wish to do that, you can call
`AC_PREFIX_PROGRAM'.

 -- Macro: AC_PREFIX_PROGRAM (PROGRAM)
     If the user did not specify an installation prefix (using the
     `--prefix' option), guess a value for it by looking for PROGRAM in
     `PATH', the way the shell does.  If PROGRAM is found, set the
     prefix to the parent of the directory containing PROGRAM, else
     default the prefix as described above (`/usr/local' or
     `AC_PREFIX_DEFAULT').  For example, if PROGRAM is `gcc' and the
     `PATH' contains `/usr/local/gnu/bin/gcc', set the prefix to
     `/usr/local/gnu'.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Existing Tests,  Next: Writing Tests,  Prev: Setup,  Up: Top

5 Existing Tests
****************

These macros test for particular system features that packages might
need or want to use.  If you need to test for a kind of feature that
none of these macros check for, you can probably do it by calling
primitive test macros with appropriate arguments (*note Writing
Tests::).

   These tests print messages telling the user which feature they're
checking for, and what they find.  They cache their results for future
`configure' runs (*note Caching Results::).

   Some of these macros set output variables.  *Note Makefile
Substitutions::, for how to get their values.  The phrase "define NAME"
is used below as a shorthand to mean "define C preprocessor symbol NAME
to the value 1".  *Note Defining Symbols::, for how to get those symbol
definitions into your program.

* Menu:

* Common Behavior::             Macros' standard schemes
* Alternative Programs::        Selecting between alternative programs
* Files::                       Checking for the existence of files
* Libraries::                   Library archives that might be missing
* Library Functions::           C library functions that might be missing
* Header Files::                Header files that might be missing
* Declarations::                Declarations that may be missing
* Structures::                  Structures or members that might be missing
* Types::                       Types that might be missing
* Compilers and Preprocessors::  Checking for compiling programs
* System Services::             Operating system services
* UNIX Variants::               Special kludges for specific UNIX variants


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Common Behavior,  Next: Alternative Programs,  Up: Existing Tests

5.1 Common Behavior
===================

Much effort has been expended to make Autoconf easy to learn.  The most
obvious way to reach this goal is simply to enforce standard interfaces
and behaviors, avoiding exceptions as much as possible.  Because of
history and inertia, unfortunately, there are still too many exceptions
in Autoconf; nevertheless, this section describes some of the common
rules.

* Menu:

* Standard Symbols::            Symbols defined by the macros
* Default Includes::            Includes used by the generic macros


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Standard Symbols,  Next: Default Includes,  Up: Common Behavior

5.1.1 Standard Symbols
----------------------

All the generic macros that `AC_DEFINE' a symbol as a result of their
test transform their ARGUMENTs to a standard alphabet.  First, ARGUMENT
is converted to upper case and any asterisks (`*') are each converted
to `P'.  Any remaining characters that are not alphanumeric are
converted to underscores.

   For instance,

     AC_CHECK_TYPES(struct $Expensive*)

will define the symbol `HAVE_STRUCT__EXPENSIVEP' if the check succeeds.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Default Includes,  Prev: Standard Symbols,  Up: Common Behavior

5.1.2 Default Includes
----------------------

Several tests depend upon a set of header files.  Since these headers
are not universally available, tests actually have to provide a set of
protected includes, such as:

     #if TIME_WITH_SYS_TIME
     # include <sys/time.h>
     # include <time.h>
     #else
     # if HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
     #  include <sys/time.h>
     # else
     #  include <time.h>
     # endif
     #endif

Unless you know exactly what you are doing, you should avoid using
unconditional includes, and check the existence of the headers you
include beforehand (*note Header Files::).

   Most generic macros provide the following default set of includes:

     #include <stdio.h>
     #if HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
     # include <sys/types.h>
     #endif
     #if HAVE_SYS_STAT_H
     # include <sys/stat.h>
     #endif
     #if STDC_HEADERS
     # include <stdlib.h>
     # include <stddef.h>
     #else
     # if HAVE_STDLIB_H
     #  include <stdlib.h>
     # endif
     #endif
     #if HAVE_STRING_H
     # if !STDC_HEADERS && HAVE_MEMORY_H
     #  include <memory.h>
     # endif
     # include <string.h>
     #endif
     #if HAVE_STRINGS_H
     # include <strings.h>
     #endif
     #if HAVE_INTTYPES_H
     # include <inttypes.h>
     #else
     # if HAVE_STDINT_H
     #  include <stdint.h>
     # endif
     #endif
     #if HAVE_UNISTD_H
     # include <unistd.h>
     #endif

   If the default includes are used, then Autoconf will automatically
check for the presence of these headers and their compatibility, i.e.,
you don't need to run `AC_HEADERS_STDC', nor check for `stdlib.h' etc.

   These headers are checked for in the same order as they are included.
For instance, on some systems `string.h' and `strings.h' both exist,
but conflict.  Then `HAVE_STRING_H' will be defined, but
`HAVE_STRINGS_H' won't.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Alternative Programs,  Next: Files,  Prev: Common Behavior,  Up: Existing Tests

5.2 Alternative Programs
========================

These macros check for the presence or behavior of particular programs.
They are used to choose between several alternative programs and to
decide what to do once one has been chosen.  If there is no macro
specifically defined to check for a program you need, and you don't need
to check for any special properties of it, then you can use one of the
general program-check macros.

* Menu:

* Particular Programs::         Special handling to find certain programs
* Generic Programs::            How to find other programs


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Particular Programs,  Next: Generic Programs,  Up: Alternative Programs

5.2.1 Particular Program Checks
-------------------------------

These macros check for particular programs--whether they exist, and in
some cases whether they support certain features.

 -- Macro: AC_PROG_AWK
     Check for `gawk', `mawk', `nawk', and `awk', in that order, and
     set output variable `AWK' to the first one that is found.  It
     tries `gawk' first because that is reported to be the best
     implementation.

 -- Macro: AC_PROG_EGREP
     Check for `grep -E' and `egrep', in that order, and set output
     variable `EGREP' to the first one that is found.

 -- Macro: AC_PROG_FGREP
     Check for `grep -F' and `fgrep', in that order, and set output
     variable `FGREP' to the first one that is found.

 -- Macro: AC_PROG_INSTALL
     Set output variable `INSTALL' to the path of a BSD-compatible
     `install' program, if one is found in the current `PATH'.
     Otherwise, set `INSTALL' to `DIR/install-sh -c', checking the
     directories specified to `AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR' (or its default
     directories) to determine DIR (*note Output::).  Also set the
     variables `INSTALL_PROGRAM' and `INSTALL_SCRIPT' to `${INSTALL}'
     and `INSTALL_DATA' to `${INSTALL} -m 644'.

     This macro screens out various instances of `install' known not to
     work.  It prefers to find a C program rather than a shell script,
     for speed.  Instead of `install-sh', it can also use `install.sh',
     but that name is obsolete because some `make' programs have a rule
     that creates `install' from it if there is no `Makefile'.

     Autoconf comes with a copy of `install-sh' that you can use.  If
     you use `AC_PROG_INSTALL', you must include either `install-sh' or
     `install.sh' in your distribution, or `configure' will produce an
     error message saying it can't find them--even if the system you're
     on has a good `install' program.  This check is a safety measure
     to prevent you from accidentally leaving that file out, which
     would prevent your package from installing on systems that don't
     have a BSD-compatible `install' program.

     If you need to use your own installation program because it has
     features not found in standard `install' programs, there is no
     reason to use `AC_PROG_INSTALL'; just put the file name of your
     program into your `Makefile.in' files.

 -- Macro: AC_PROG_LEX
     If `flex' is found, set output variable `LEX' to `flex' and
     `LEXLIB' to `-lfl', if that library is in a standard place.
     Otherwise set `LEX' to `lex' and `LEXLIB' to `-ll'.

     Define `YYTEXT_POINTER' if `yytext' is a `char *' instead of a
     `char []'.  Also set output variable `LEX_OUTPUT_ROOT' to the base
     of the file name that the lexer generates; usually `lex.yy', but
     sometimes something else.  These results vary according to whether
     `lex' or `flex' is being used.

     You are encouraged to use Flex in your sources, since it is both
     more pleasant to use than plain Lex and the C source it produces
     is portable.  In order to ensure portability, however, you must
     either provide a function `yywrap' or, if you don't use it (e.g.,
     your scanner has no `#include'-like feature), simply include a
     `%noyywrap' statement in the scanner's source.  Once this done,
     the scanner is portable (unless _you_ felt free to use nonportable
     constructs) and does not depend on any library.  In this case, and
     in this case only, it is suggested that you use this Autoconf
     snippet:

          AC_PROG_LEX
          if test "$LEX" != flex; then
            LEX="$SHELL $missing_dir/missing flex"
            AC_SUBST(LEX_OUTPUT_ROOT, lex.yy)
            AC_SUBST(LEXLIB, '')
          fi

     The shell script `missing' can be found in the Automake
     distribution.

     To ensure backward compatibility, Automake's `AM_PROG_LEX' invokes
     (indirectly) this macro twice, which will cause an annoying but
     benign "`AC_PROG_LEX' invoked multiple times" warning.  Future
     versions of Automake will fix this issue; meanwhile, just ignore
     this message.

 -- Macro: AC_PROG_LN_S
     If `ln -s' works on the current file system (the operating system
     and file system support symbolic links), set the output variable
     `LN_S' to `ln -s'; otherwise, if `ln' works, set `LN_S' to `ln',
     and otherwise set it to `cp -p'.

     If you make a link in a directory other than the current
     directory, its meaning depends on whether `ln' or `ln -s' is used.
     To safely create links using `$(LN_S)', either find out which
     form is used and adjust the arguments, or always invoke `ln' in
     the directory where the link is to be created.

     In other words, it does not work to do:
          $(LN_S) foo /x/bar

     Instead, do:

          (cd /x && $(LN_S) foo bar)

 -- Macro: AC_PROG_RANLIB
     Set output variable `RANLIB' to `ranlib' if `ranlib' is found, and
     otherwise to `:' (do nothing).

 -- Macro: AC_PROG_YACC
     If `bison' is found, set output variable `YACC' to `bison -y'.
     Otherwise, if `byacc' is found, set `YACC' to `byacc'.  Otherwise
     set `YACC' to `yacc'.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Generic Programs,  Prev: Particular Programs,  Up: Alternative Programs

5.2.2 Generic Program and File Checks
-------------------------------------

These macros are used to find programs not covered by the "particular"
test macros.  If you need to check the behavior of a program as well as
find out whether it is present, you have to write your own test for it
(*note Writing Tests::).  By default, these macros use the environment
variable `PATH'.  If you need to check for a program that might not be
in the user's `PATH', you can pass a modified path to use instead, like
this:

     AC_PATH_PROG([INETD], [inetd], [/usr/libexec/inetd],
                  [$PATH:/usr/libexec:/usr/sbin:/usr/etc:etc])

   You are strongly encouraged to declare the VARIABLE passed to
`AC_CHECK_PROG' etc. as precious, *Note Setting Output Variables::,
`AC_ARG_VAR', for more details.

 -- Macro: AC_CHECK_PROG (VARIABLE, PROG-TO-CHECK-FOR, VALUE-IF-FOUND,
          [VALUE-IF-NOT-FOUND], [PATH], [REJECT])
     Check whether program PROG-TO-CHECK-FOR exists in `PATH'.  If it
     is found, set VARIABLE to VALUE-IF-FOUND, otherwise to
     VALUE-IF-NOT-FOUND, if given.  Always pass over REJECT (an
     absolute file name) even if it is the first found in the search
     path; in that case, set VARIABLE using the absolute file name of
     the PROG-TO-CHECK-FOR found that is not REJECT.  If VARIABLE was
     already set, do nothing.  Calls `AC_SUBST' for VARIABLE.

 -- Macro: AC_CHECK_PROGS (VARIABLE, PROGS-TO-CHECK-FOR,
          [VALUE-IF-NOT-FOUND], [PATH])
     Check for each program in the whitespace-separated list
     PROGS-TO-CHECK-FOR existing in the `PATH'.  If one is found, set
     VARIABLE to the name of that program.  Otherwise, continue
     checking the next program in the list.  If none of the programs in
     the list are found, set VARIABLE to VALUE-IF-NOT-FOUND; if
     VALUE-IF-NOT-FOUND is not specified, the value of VARIABLE is not
     changed.  Calls `AC_SUBST' for VARIABLE.

 -- Macro: AC_CHECK_TOOL (VARIABLE, PROG-TO-CHECK-FOR,
          [VALUE-IF-NOT-FOUND], [PATH])
     Like `AC_CHECK_PROG', but first looks for PROG-TO-CHECK-FOR with a
     prefix of the host type as determined by `AC_CANONICAL_HOST',
     followed by a dash (*note Canonicalizing::).  For example, if the
     user runs `configure --host=i386-gnu', then this call:
          AC_CHECK_TOOL(RANLIB, ranlib, :)
     sets `RANLIB' to `i386-gnu-ranlib' if that program exists in
     `PATH', or otherwise to `ranlib' if that program exists in `PATH',
     or to `:' if neither program exists.

 -- Macro: AC_CHECK_TOOLS (VARIABLE, PROGS-TO-CHECK-FOR,
          [VALUE-IF-NOT-FOUND], [PATH])
     Like `AC_CHECK_TOOL', each of the tools in the list
     PROGS-TO-CHECK-FOR are checked with a prefix of the host type as
     determined by `AC_CANONICAL_HOST', followed by a dash (*note
     Canonicalizing::).  If none of the tools can be found with a
     prefix, then the first one without a prefix is used.  If a tool is
     found, set VARIABLE to the name of that program.  If none of the
     tools in the list are found, set VARIABLE to VALUE-IF-NOT-FOUND; if
     VALUE-IF-NOT-FOUND is not specified, the value of VARIABLE is not
     changed.  Calls `AC_SUBST' for VARIABLE.

 -- Macro: AC_PATH_PROG (VARIABLE, PROG-TO-CHECK-FOR,
          [VALUE-IF-NOT-FOUND], [PATH])
     Like `AC_CHECK_PROG', but set VARIABLE to the entire path of
     PROG-TO-CHECK-FOR if found.

 -- Macro: AC_PATH_PROGS (VARIABLE, PROGS-TO-CHECK-FOR,
          [VALUE-IF-NOT-FOUND], [PATH])
     Like `AC_CHECK_PROGS', but if any of PROGS-TO-CHECK-FOR are found,
     set VARIABLE to the entire path of the program found.

 -- Macro: AC_PATH_TOOL (VARIABLE, PROG-TO-CHECK-FOR,
          [VALUE-IF-NOT-FOUND], [PATH])
     Like `AC_CHECK_TOOL', but set VARIABLE to the entire path of the
     program if it is found.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Files,  Next: Libraries,  Prev: Alternative Programs,  Up: Existing Tests

5.3 Files
=========

You might also need to check for the existence of files.  Before using
these macros, ask yourself whether a run-time test might not be a better
solution.  Be aware that, like most Autoconf macros, they test a feature
of the host machine, and therefore, they die when cross-compiling.

 -- Macro: AC_CHECK_FILE (FILE, [ACTION-IF-FOUND],
          [ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND])
     Check whether file FILE exists on the native system.  If it is
     found, execute ACTION-IF-FOUND, otherwise do ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND,
     if given.

 -- Macro: AC_CHECK_FILES (FILES, [ACTION-IF-FOUND],
          [ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND])
     Executes `AC_CHECK_FILE' once for each file listed in FILES.
     Additionally, defines `HAVE_FILE' (*note Standard Symbols::) for
     each file found.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Libraries,  Next: Library Functions,  Prev: Files,  Up: Existing Tests

5.4 Library Files
=================

The following macros check for the presence of certain C, C++, or
Fortran 77 library archive files.

 -- Macro: AC_CHECK_LIB (LIBRARY, FUNCTION, [ACTION-IF-FOUND],
          [ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND], [OTHER-LIBRARIES])
     Depending on the current language(*note Language Choice::), try to
     ensure that the C, C++, or Fortran 77 function FUNCTION is
     available by checking whether a test program can be linked with the
     library LIBRARY to get the function.  LIBRARY is the base name of
     the library; e.g., to check for `-lmp', use `mp' as the LIBRARY
     argument.

     ACTION-IF-FOUND is a list of shell commands to run if the link
     with the library succeeds; ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND is a list of shell
     commands to run if the link fails.  If ACTION-IF-FOUND is not
     specified, the default action will prepend `-lLIBRARY' to `LIBS'
     and define `HAVE_LIBLIBRARY' (in all capitals).  This macro is
     intended to support building `LIBS' in a right-to-left
     (least-dependent to most-dependent) fashion such that library
     dependencies are satisfied as a natural side-effect of consecutive
     tests.  Some linkers are very sensitive to library ordering so the
     order in which `LIBS' is generated is important to reliable
     detection of libraries.

     If linking with LIBRARY results in unresolved symbols that would
     be resolved by linking with additional libraries, give those
     libraries as the OTHER-LIBRARIES argument, separated by spaces:
     e.g., `-lXt -lX11'.  Otherwise, this macro will fail to detect
     that LIBRARY is present, because linking the test program will
     always fail with unresolved symbols.  The OTHER-LIBRARIES argument
     should be limited to cases where it is desirable to test for one
     library in the presence of another that is not already in `LIBS'.

 -- Macro: AC_SEARCH_LIBS (FUNCTION, SEARCH-LIBS, [ACTION-IF-FOUND],
          [ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND], [OTHER-LIBRARIES])
     Search for a library defining FUNCTION if it's not already
     available.  This equates to calling
     `AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_CALL([], [FUNCTION])])' first with no
     libraries, then for each library listed in SEARCH-LIBS.

     Add `-lLIBRARY' to `LIBS' for the first library found to contain
     FUNCTION, and run ACTION-IF-FOUND.  If the function is not found,
     run ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND.

     If linking with LIBRARY results in unresolved symbols that would
     be resolved by linking with additional libraries, give those
     libraries as the OTHER-LIBRARIES argument, separated by spaces:
     e.g., `-lXt -lX11'.  Otherwise, this macro will fail to detect
     that FUNCTION is present, because linking the test program will
     always fail with unresolved symbols.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Library Functions,  Next: Header Files,  Prev: Libraries,  Up: Existing Tests

5.5 Library Functions
=====================

The following macros check for particular C library functions.  If
there is no macro specifically defined to check for a function you need,
and you don't need to check for any special properties of it, then you
can use one of the general function-check macros.

* Menu:

* Function Portability::        Pitfalls with usual functions
* Particular Functions::        Special handling to find certain functions
* Generic Functions::           How to find other functions


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Function Portability,  Next: Particular Functions,  Up: Library Functions

5.5.1 Portability of C Functions
--------------------------------

Most usual functions can either be missing, or be buggy, or be limited
on some architectures.  This section tries to make an inventory of these
portability issues.  By definition, this list will always require
additions.  Please help us keeping it as complete as possible.

`exit'
     Did you know that, on some older hosts, `exit' returns `int'?
     This is because `exit' predates `void', and there was a long
     tradition of it returning `int'.

`snprintf'
     The ISO C99 standard says that if the output array isn't big enough
     and if no other errors occur, `snprintf' and `vsnprintf' truncate
     the output and return the number of bytes that ought to have been
     produced.  Some older systems return the truncated length (e.g.,
     GNU C Library 2.0.x or IRIX 6.5), some a negative value (e.g.,
     earlier GNU C Library versions), and some the buffer length
     without truncation (e.g., 32-bit Solaris 7).  Also, some buggy
     older systems ignore the length and overrun the buffer (e.g.,
     64-bit Solaris 7).

`sprintf'
     The ISO C standard says `sprintf' and `vsprintf' return the number
     of bytes written, but on some old systems (SunOS 4 for instance)
     they return the buffer pointer instead.

`sscanf'
     On various old systems, e.g., HP-UX 9, `sscanf' requires that its
     input string be writable (though it doesn't actually change it).
     This can be a problem when using `gcc' since it normally puts
     constant strings in read-only memory (*note Incompatibilities of
     GCC: (gcc)Incompatibilities.).  Apparently in some cases even
     having format strings read-only can be a problem.

`strnlen'
     AIX 4.3 provides a broken version which produces the following
     results:

          strnlen ("foobar", 0) = 0
          strnlen ("foobar", 1) = 3
          strnlen ("foobar", 2) = 2
          strnlen ("foobar", 3) = 1
          strnlen ("foobar", 4) = 0
          strnlen ("foobar", 5) = 6
          strnlen ("foobar", 6) = 6
          strnlen ("foobar", 7) = 6
          strnlen ("foobar", 8) = 6
          strnlen ("foobar", 9) = 6

`unlink'
     The POSIX spec says that `unlink' causes the given file to be
     removed only after there are no more open file handles for it.
     Not all OS's support this behavior though.  So even on systems
     that provide `unlink', you cannot portably assume it is OK to call
     it on files that are open.  For example, on Windows 9x and ME,
     such a call would fail; on DOS it could even lead to file system
     corruption, as the file might end up being written to after the OS
     has removed it.

`va_copy'
     The ISO C99 standard provides `va_copy' for copying `va_list'
     variables.  It may be available in older environments too, though
     possibly as `__va_copy' (e.g., `gcc' in strict C89 mode).  These
     can be tested with `#ifdef'.  A fallback to `memcpy (&dst, &src,
     sizeof(va_list))' will give maximum portability.

`va_list'
     `va_list' is not necessarily just a pointer.  It can be a `struct'
     (e.g., `gcc' on Alpha), which means `NULL' is not portable.  Or it
     can be an array (e.g., `gcc' in some PowerPC configurations),
     which means as a function parameter it can be effectively
     call-by-reference and library routines might modify the value back
     in the caller (e.g., `vsnprintf' in the GNU C Library 2.1).

Signed `>>'
     Normally the C `>>' right shift of a signed type replicates the
     high bit, giving a so-called "arithmetic" shift.  But care should
     be taken since the ISO C standard doesn't require that behavior.
     On those few processors without a native arithmetic shift (for
     instance Cray vector systems) zero bits may be shifted in, the
     same as a shift of an unsigned type.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Particular Functions,  Next: Generic Functions,  Prev: Function Portability,  Up: Library Functions

5.5.2 Particular Function Checks
--------------------------------

These macros check for particular C functions--whether they exist, and
in some cases how they respond when given certain arguments.

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_ALLOCA
     Check how to get `alloca'.  Tries to get a builtin version by
     checking for `alloca.h' or the predefined C preprocessor macros
     `__GNUC__' and `_AIX'.  If this macro finds `alloca.h', it defines
     `HAVE_ALLOCA_H'.

     If those attempts fail, it looks for the function in the standard C
     library.  If any of those methods succeed, it defines
     `HAVE_ALLOCA'.  Otherwise, it sets the output variable `ALLOCA' to
     `alloca.o' and defines `C_ALLOCA' (so programs can periodically
     call `alloca(0)' to garbage collect).  This variable is separate
     from `LIBOBJS' so multiple programs can share the value of
     `ALLOCA' without needing to create an actual library, in case only
     some of them use the code in `LIBOBJS'.

     This macro does not try to get `alloca' from the System V R3
     `libPW' or the System V R4 `libucb' because those libraries
     contain some incompatible functions that cause trouble.  Some
     versions do not even contain `alloca' or contain a buggy version.
     If you still want to use their `alloca', use `ar' to extract
     `alloca.o' from them instead of compiling `alloca.c'.

     Source files that use `alloca' should start with a piece of code
     like the following, to declare it properly.  In some versions of
     AIX, the declaration of `alloca' must precede everything else
     except for comments and preprocessor directives.  The `#pragma'
     directive is indented so that pre-ANSI C compilers will ignore it,
     rather than choke on it.

          /* AIX requires this to be the first thing in the file.  */
          #ifndef __GNUC__
          # if HAVE_ALLOCA_H
          #  include <alloca.h>
          # else
          #  ifdef _AIX
           #pragma alloca
          #  else
          #   ifndef alloca /* predefined by HP cc +Olibcalls */
          char *alloca ();
          #   endif
          #  endif
          # endif
          #endif

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_CHOWN
     If the `chown' function is available and works (in particular, it
     should accept `-1' for `uid' and `gid'), define `HAVE_CHOWN'.

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_CLOSEDIR_VOID
     If the `closedir' function does not return a meaningful value,
     define `CLOSEDIR_VOID'.  Otherwise, callers ought to check its
     return value for an error indicator.

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_ERROR_AT_LINE
     If the `error_at_line' function is not found, require an
     `AC_LIBOBJ' replacement of `error'.

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_FNMATCH
     If the `fnmatch' function conforms to POSIX, define
     `HAVE_FNMATCH'.  Detect common implementation bugs, for example,
     the bugs in Solaris 2.4.

     Note that for historical reasons, contrary to the other specific
     `AC_FUNC' macros, `AC_FUNC_FNMATCH' does not replace a
     broken/missing `fnmatch'.  See `AC_REPLACE_FNMATCH' below.

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_FNMATCH_GNU
     Behave like `AC_REPLACE_FNMATCH' (_replace_) but also test whether
     `fnmatch' supports GNU extensions.  Detect common implementation
     bugs, for example, the bugs in the GNU C Library 2.1.

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_FORK
     This macro checks for the `fork' and `vfork' functions.  If a
     working `fork' is found, define `HAVE_WORKING_FORK'.  This macro
     checks whether `fork' is just a stub by trying to run it.

     If `vfork.h' is found, define `HAVE_VFORK_H'.  If a working
     `vfork' is found, define `HAVE_WORKING_VFORK'.  Otherwise, define
     `vfork' to be `fork' for backward compatibility with previous
     versions of `autoconf'.  This macro checks for several known
     errors in implementations of `vfork' and considers the system to
     not have a working `vfork' if it detects any of them.  It is not
     considered to be an implementation error if a child's invocation
     of `signal' modifies the parent's signal handler, since child
     processes rarely change their signal handlers.

     Since this macro defines `vfork' only for backward compatibility
     with previous versions of `autoconf' you're encouraged to define it
     yourself in new code:
          #if !HAVE_WORKING_VFORK
          # define vfork fork
          #endif

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_FSEEKO
     If the `fseeko' function is available, define `HAVE_FSEEKO'.
     Define `_LARGEFILE_SOURCE' if necessary.

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_GETGROUPS
     If the `getgroups' function is available and works (unlike on
     Ultrix 4.3, where `getgroups (0, 0)' always fails), define
     `HAVE_GETGROUPS'.  Set `GETGROUPS_LIBS' to any libraries needed to
     get that function.  This macro runs `AC_TYPE_GETGROUPS'.

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_GETLOADAVG
     Check how to get the system load averages.  To perform its tests
     properly, this macro needs the file `getloadavg.c'; therefore, be
     sure to set the `AC_LIBOBJ' replacement directory properly (see
     *Note Generic Functions::, `AC_CONFIG_LIBOBJ_DIR').

     If the system has the `getloadavg' function, define
     `HAVE_GETLOADAVG', and set `GETLOADAVG_LIBS' to any libraries
     needed to get that function.  Also add `GETLOADAVG_LIBS' to
     `LIBS'.  Otherwise, require an `AC_LIBOBJ' replacement for
     `getloadavg' with source code in `DIR/getloadavg.c', and possibly
     define several other C preprocessor macros and output variables:

       1. Define `C_GETLOADAVG'.

       2. Define `SVR4', `DGUX', `UMAX', or `UMAX4_3' if on those
          systems.

       3. If `nlist.h' is found, define `HAVE_NLIST_H'.

       4. If `struct nlist' has an `n_un.n_name' member, define
          `HAVE_STRUCT_NLIST_N_UN_N_NAME'.  The obsolete symbol
          `NLIST_NAME_UNION' is still defined, but do not depend upon
          it.

       5. Programs may need to be installed setgid (or setuid) for
          `getloadavg' to work.  In this case, define
          `GETLOADAVG_PRIVILEGED', set the output variable `NEED_SETGID'
          to `true' (and otherwise to `false'), and set `KMEM_GROUP' to
          the name of the group that should own the installed program.

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_GETMNTENT
     Check for `getmntent' in the `sun', `seq', and `gen' libraries,
     for IRIX 4, PTX, and Unixware, respectively.  Then, if `getmntent'
     is available, define `HAVE_GETMNTENT'.

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_GETPGRP
     Define `GETPGRP_VOID' if it is an error to pass 0 to `getpgrp';
     this is the POSIX behavior.  On older BSD systems, you must pass 0
     to `getpgrp', as it takes an argument and behaves like POSIX's
     `getpgid'.

          #if GETPGRP_VOID
            pid = getpgrp ();
          #else
            pid = getpgrp (0);
          #endif

     This macro does not check whether `getpgrp' exists at all; if you
     need to work in that situation, first call `AC_CHECK_FUNC' for
     `getpgrp'.

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_LSTAT_FOLLOWS_SLASHED_SYMLINK
     If `link' is a symbolic link, then `lstat' should treat `link/'
     the same as `link/.'.  However, many older `lstat' implementations
     incorrectly ignore trailing slashes.

     It is safe to assume that if `lstat' incorrectly ignores trailing
     slashes, then other symbolic-link-aware functions like `unlink'
     also incorrectly ignore trailing slashes.

     If `lstat' behaves properly, define
     `LSTAT_FOLLOWS_SLASHED_SYMLINK', otherwise require an `AC_LIBOBJ'
     replacement of `lstat'.

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_MALLOC
     If the `malloc' function is compatible with the GNU C library
     `malloc' (i.e., `malloc (0)' returns a valid pointer), define
     `HAVE_MALLOC' to 1.  Otherwise define `HAVE_MALLOC' to 0, ask for
     an `AC_LIBOBJ' replacement for `malloc', and define `malloc' to
     `rpl_malloc' so that the native `malloc' is not used in the main
     project.

     Typically, the replacement file `malloc.c' should look like (note
     the `#undef malloc'):


     #if HAVE_CONFIG_H
     # include <config.h>
     #endif
     #undef malloc

     #include <sys/types.h>

     void *malloc ();

     /* Allocate an N-byte block of memory from the heap.
        If N is zero, allocate a 1-byte block.  */

     void *
     rpl_malloc (size_t n)
     {
       if (n == 0)
         n = 1;
       return malloc (n);
     }

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_MEMCMP
     If the `memcmp' function is not available, or does not work on
     8-bit data (like the one on SunOS 4.1.3), or fails when comparing
     16 bytes or more and with at least one buffer not starting on a
     4-byte boundary (such as the one on NeXT x86 OpenStep), require an
     `AC_LIBOBJ' replacement for `memcmp'.

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_MBRTOWC
     Define `HAVE_MBRTOWC' to 1 if the function `mbrtowc' and the type
     `mbstate_t' are properly declared.

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_MKTIME
     If the `mktime' function is not available, or does not work
     correctly, require an `AC_LIBOBJ' replacement for `mktime'.

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_MMAP
     If the `mmap' function exists and works correctly, define
     `HAVE_MMAP'.  Only checks private fixed mapping of already-mapped
     memory.

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_OBSTACK
     If the obstacks are found, define `HAVE_OBSTACK', else require an
     `AC_LIBOBJ' replacement for `obstack'.

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_REALLOC
     If the `realloc' function is compatible with the GNU C library
     `realloc' (i.e., `realloc (0, 0)' returns a valid pointer), define
     `HAVE_REALLOC' to 1.  Otherwise define `HAVE_REALLOC' to 0, ask
     for an `AC_LIBOBJ' replacement for `realloc', and define `realloc'
     to `rpl_realloc' so that the native `realloc' is not used in the
     main project.  See `AC_FUNC_MALLOC' for details.

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_SELECT_ARGTYPES
     Determines the correct type to be passed for each of the `select'
     function's arguments, and defines those types in
     `SELECT_TYPE_ARG1', `SELECT_TYPE_ARG234', and `SELECT_TYPE_ARG5'
     respectively.  `SELECT_TYPE_ARG1' defaults to `int',
     `SELECT_TYPE_ARG234' defaults to `int *', and `SELECT_TYPE_ARG5'
     defaults to `struct timeval *'.

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_SETPGRP
     If `setpgrp' takes no argument (the POSIX version), define
     `SETPGRP_VOID'.  Otherwise, it is the BSD version, which takes two
     process IDs as arguments.  This macro does not check whether
     `setpgrp' exists at all; if you need to work in that situation,
     first call `AC_CHECK_FUNC' for `setpgrp'.

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_STAT
 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_LSTAT
     Determine whether `stat' or `lstat' have the bug that it succeeds
     when given the zero-length file name as argument.  The `stat' and
     `lstat' from SunOS 4.1.4 and the Hurd (as of 1998-11-01) do this.

     If it does, then define `HAVE_STAT_EMPTY_STRING_BUG' (or
     `HAVE_LSTAT_EMPTY_STRING_BUG') and ask for an `AC_LIBOBJ'
     replacement of it.

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_SETVBUF_REVERSED
     If `setvbuf' takes the buffering type as its second argument and
     the buffer pointer as the third, instead of the other way around,
     define `SETVBUF_REVERSED'.

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_STRCOLL
     If the `strcoll' function exists and works correctly, define
     `HAVE_STRCOLL'.  This does a bit more than
     `AC_CHECK_FUNCS(strcoll)', because some systems have incorrect
     definitions of `strcoll' that should not be used.

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_STRTOD
     If the `strtod' function does not exist or doesn't work correctly,
     ask for an `AC_LIBOBJ' replacement of `strtod'.  In this case,
     because `strtod.c' is likely to need `pow', set the output
     variable `POW_LIB' to the extra library needed.

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_STRERROR_R
     If `strerror_r' is available, define `HAVE_STRERROR_R', and if it
     is declared, define `HAVE_DECL_STRERROR_R'.  If it returns a `char
     *' message, define `STRERROR_R_CHAR_P'; otherwise it returns an
     `int' error number.  The Thread-Safe Functions option of POSIX
     requires `strerror_r' to return `int', but many systems
     (including, for example, version 2.2.4 of the GNU C Library)
     return a `char *' value that is not necessarily equal to the
     buffer argument.

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_STRFTIME
     Check for `strftime' in the `intl' library, for SCO UNIX.  Then,
     if `strftime' is available, define `HAVE_STRFTIME'.

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_STRNLEN
     If the `strnlen' function is not available, or is buggy (like the
     one from AIX 4.3), require an `AC_LIBOBJ' replacement for it.

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_UTIME_NULL
     If `utime(FILE, NULL)' sets FILE's timestamp to the present,
     define `HAVE_UTIME_NULL'.

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_VPRINTF
     If `vprintf' is found, define `HAVE_VPRINTF'.  Otherwise, if
     `_doprnt' is found, define `HAVE_DOPRNT'.  (If `vprintf' is
     available, you may assume that `vfprintf' and `vsprintf' are also
     available.)

 -- Macro: AC_REPLACE_FNMATCH
     If the `fnmatch' function does not conform to POSIX (see
     `AC_FUNC_FNMATCH'), ask for its `AC_LIBOBJ' replacement.

     The files `fnmatch.c', `fnmatch_loop.c', and `fnmatch_.h' in the
     `AC_LIBOBJ' replacement directory are assumed to contain a copy of
     the source code of GNU `fnmatch'.  If necessary, this source code
     is compiled as an `AC_LIBOBJ' replacement, and the `fnmatch_.h'
     file is linked to `fnmatch.h' so that it can be included in place
     of the system `<fnmatch.h>'.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Generic Functions,  Prev: Particular Functions,  Up: Library Functions

5.5.3 Generic Function Checks
-----------------------------

These macros are used to find functions not covered by the "particular"
test macros.  If the functions might be in libraries other than the
default C library, first call `AC_CHECK_LIB' for those libraries.  If
you need to check the behavior of a function as well as find out
whether it is present, you have to write your own test for it (*note
Writing Tests::).

 -- Macro: AC_CHECK_FUNC (FUNCTION, [ACTION-IF-FOUND],
          [ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND])
     If C function FUNCTION is available, run shell commands
     ACTION-IF-FOUND, otherwise ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND.  If you just want
     to define a symbol if the function is available, consider using
     `AC_CHECK_FUNCS' instead.  This macro checks for functions with C
     linkage even when `AC_LANG(C++)' has been called, since C is more
     standardized than C++.  (*note Language Choice::, for more
     information about selecting the language for checks.)

 -- Macro: AC_CHECK_FUNCS (FUNCTION..., [ACTION-IF-FOUND],
          [ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND])
     For each FUNCTION in the whitespace-separated argument list,
     define `HAVE_FUNCTION' (in all capitals) if it is available.  If
     ACTION-IF-FOUND is given, it is additional shell code to execute
     when one of the functions is found.  You can give it a value of
     `break' to break out of the loop on the first match.  If
     ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND is given, it is executed when one of the
     functions is not found.


   Autoconf follows a philosophy that was formed over the years by those
who have struggled for portability: isolate the portability issues in
specific files, and then program as if you were in a POSIX environment.
Some functions may be missing or unfixable, and your package must be
ready to replace them.

 -- Macro: AC_LIBOBJ (FUNCTION)
     Specify that `FUNCTION.c' must be included in the executables to
     replace a missing or broken implementation of FUNCTION.

     Technically, it adds `FUNCTION.$ac_objext' to the output variable
     `LIBOBJS' and calls `AC_LIBSOURCE' for `FUNCTION.c'.  You should
     not directly change `LIBOBJS', since this is not traceable.

 -- Macro: AC_LIBSOURCE (FILE)
     Specify that FILE might be needed to compile the project.  If you
     need to know what files might be needed by a `configure.ac', you
     should trace `AC_LIBSOURCE'.  FILE must be a literal.

     This macro is called automatically from `AC_LIBOBJ', but you must
     call it explicitly if you pass a shell variable to `AC_LIBOBJ'.  In
     that case, since shell variables cannot be traced statically, you
     must pass to `AC_LIBSOURCE' any possible files that the shell
     variable might cause `AC_LIBOBJ' to need.  For example, if you
     want to pass a variable `$foo_or_bar' to `AC_LIBOBJ' that holds
     either `"foo"' or `"bar"', you should do:

          AC_LIBSOURCE(foo.c)
          AC_LIBSOURCE(bar.c)
          AC_LIBOBJ($foo_or_bar)

     There is usually a way to avoid this, however, and you are
     encouraged to simply call `AC_LIBOBJ' with literal arguments.

     Note that this macro replaces the obsolete `AC_LIBOBJ_DECL', with
     slightly different semantics: the old macro took the function name,
     e.g., `foo', as its argument rather than the file name.

 -- Macro: AC_LIBSOURCES (FILES)
     Like `AC_LIBSOURCE', but accepts one or more FILES in a
     comma-separated M4 list.  Thus, the above example might be
     rewritten:

          AC_LIBSOURCES([foo.c, bar.c])
          AC_LIBOBJ($foo_or_bar)

 -- Macro: AC_CONFIG_LIBOBJ_DIR (DIRECTORY)
     Specify that `AC_LIBOBJ' replacement files are to be found in
     DIRECTORY, a relative path starting from the top level of the
     source tree.  The replacement directory defaults to `.', the top
     level directory, and the most typical value is `lib', corresponding
     to `AC_CONFIG_LIBOBJ_DIR(lib)'.

     `configure' might need to know the replacement directory for the
     following reasons: (i) some checks use the replacement files, (ii)
     some macros bypass broken system headers by installing links to the
     replacement headers, etc.


   It is common to merely check for the existence of a function, and ask
for its `AC_LIBOBJ' replacement if missing.  The following macro is a
convenient shorthand.

 -- Macro: AC_REPLACE_FUNCS (FUNCTION...)
     Like `AC_CHECK_FUNCS', but uses `AC_LIBOBJ(FUNCTION)' as
     ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND.  You can declare your replacement function by
     enclosing the prototype in `#if !HAVE_FUNCTION'.  If the system
     has the function, it probably declares it in a header file you
     should be including, so you shouldn't redeclare it lest your
     declaration conflict.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Header Files,  Next: Declarations,  Prev: Library Functions,  Up: Existing Tests

5.6 Header Files
================

The following macros check for the presence of certain C header files.
If there is no macro specifically defined to check for a header file
you need, and you don't need to check for any special properties of it,
then you can use one of the general header-file check macros.

* Menu:

* Header Portability::          Collected knowledge on common headers
* Particular Headers::          Special handling to find certain headers
* Generic Headers::             How to find other headers


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Header Portability,  Next: Particular Headers,  Up: Header Files

5.6.1 Portability of Headers
----------------------------

This section tries to collect knowledge about common headers, and the
problems they cause.  By definition, this list will always require
additions.  Please help us keeping it as complete as possible.

`inttypes.h' vs. `stdint.h'
     Paul Eggert notes that: ISO C 1999 says that `inttypes.h' includes
     `stdint.h', so there's no need to include `stdint.h' separately in
     a standard environment.  Many implementations have `inttypes.h'
     but not `stdint.h' (e.g., Solaris 7), but I don't know of any
     implementation that has `stdint.h' but not `inttypes.h'.  Nor do I
     know of any free software that includes `stdint.h'; `stdint.h'
     seems to be a creation of the committee.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Particular Headers,  Next: Generic Headers,  Prev: Header Portability,  Up: Header Files

5.6.2 Particular Header Checks
------------------------------

These macros check for particular system header files--whether they
exist, and in some cases whether they declare certain symbols.

 -- Macro: AC_HEADER_DIRENT
     Check for the following header files.  For the first one that is
     found and defines `DIR', define the listed C preprocessor macro:

     `dirent.h'     `HAVE_DIRENT_H'
     `sys/ndir.h'   `HAVE_SYS_NDIR_H'
     `sys/dir.h'    `HAVE_SYS_DIR_H'
     `ndir.h'       `HAVE_NDIR_H'

     The directory-library declarations in your source code should look
     something like the following:

          #if HAVE_DIRENT_H
          # include <dirent.h>
          # define NAMLEN(dirent) strlen((dirent)->d_name)
          #else
          # define dirent direct
          # define NAMLEN(dirent) (dirent)->d_namlen
          # if HAVE_SYS_NDIR_H
          #  include <sys/ndir.h>
          # endif
          # if HAVE_SYS_DIR_H
          #  include <sys/dir.h>
          # endif
          # if HAVE_NDIR_H
          #  include <ndir.h>
          # endif
          #endif

     Using the above declarations, the program would declare variables
     to be of type `struct dirent', not `struct direct', and would
     access the length of a directory entry name by passing a pointer
     to a `struct dirent' to the `NAMLEN' macro.

     This macro also checks for the SCO Xenix `dir' and `x' libraries.

 -- Macro: AC_HEADER_MAJOR
     If `sys/types.h' does not define `major', `minor', and `makedev',
     but `sys/mkdev.h' does, define `MAJOR_IN_MKDEV'; otherwise, if
     `sys/sysmacros.h' does, define `MAJOR_IN_SYSMACROS'.

 -- Macro: AC_HEADER_STAT
     If the macros `S_ISDIR', `S_ISREG', etc. defined in `sys/stat.h'
     do not work properly (returning false positives), define
     `STAT_MACROS_BROKEN'.  This is the case on Tektronix UTekV, Amdahl
     UTS and Motorola System V/88.

 -- Macro: AC_HEADER_STDBOOL
     If `stdbool.h' exists and is conformant to C99, define
     `HAVE_STDBOOL_H' to 1; if the type `_Bool' is defined, define
     `HAVE__BOOL' to 1.  To fulfill the C99 requirements, your
     `system.h' should contain the following code:


     #if HAVE_STDBOOL_H
     # include <stdbool.h>
     #else
     # if ! HAVE__BOOL
     #  ifdef __cplusplus
     typedef bool _Bool;
     #  else
     typedef unsigned char _Bool;
     #  endif
     # endif
     # define bool _Bool
     # define false 0
     # define true 1
     # define __bool_true_false_are_defined 1
     #endif

 -- Macro: AC_HEADER_STDC
     Define `STDC_HEADERS' if the system has ANSI C header files.
     Specifically, this macro checks for `stdlib.h', `stdarg.h',
     `string.h', and `float.h'; if the system has those, it probably
     has the rest of the ANSI C header files.  This macro also checks
     whether `string.h' declares `memchr' (and thus presumably the
     other `mem' functions), whether `stdlib.h' declare `free' (and
     thus presumably `malloc' and other related functions), and whether
     the `ctype.h' macros work on characters with the high bit set, as
     ANSI C requires.

     Use `STDC_HEADERS' instead of `__STDC__' to determine whether the
     system has ANSI-compliant header files (and probably C library
     functions) because many systems that have GCC do not have ANSI C
     header files.

     On systems without ANSI C headers, there is so much variation that
     it is probably easier to declare the functions you use than to
     figure out exactly what the system header files declare.  Some
     systems contain a mix of functions from ANSI and BSD; some are
     mostly ANSI but lack `memmove'; some define the BSD functions as
     macros in `string.h' or `strings.h'; some have only the BSD
     functions but `string.h'; some declare the memory functions in
     `memory.h', some in `string.h'; etc.  It is probably sufficient to
     check for one string function and one memory function; if the
     library has the ANSI versions of those then it probably has most
     of the others.  If you put the following in `configure.ac':

          AC_HEADER_STDC
          AC_CHECK_FUNCS(strchr memcpy)

     then, in your code, you can use declarations like this:

          #if STDC_HEADERS
          # include <string.h>
          #else
          # if !HAVE_STRCHR
          #  define strchr index
          #  define strrchr rindex
          # endif
          char *strchr (), *strrchr ();
          # if !HAVE_MEMCPY
          #  define memcpy(d, s, n) bcopy ((s), (d), (n))
          #  define memmove(d, s, n) bcopy ((s), (d), (n))
          # endif
          #endif

     If you use a function like `memchr', `memset', `strtok', or
     `strspn', which have no BSD equivalent, then macros won't suffice;
     you must provide an implementation of each function.  An easy way
     to incorporate your implementations only when needed (since the
     ones in system C libraries may be hand optimized) is to, taking
     `memchr' for example, put it in `memchr.c' and use
     `AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(memchr)'.

 -- Macro: AC_HEADER_SYS_WAIT
     If `sys/wait.h' exists and is compatible with POSIX, define
     `HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H'.  Incompatibility can occur if `sys/wait.h' does
     not exist, or if it uses the old BSD `union wait' instead of `int'
     to store a status value.  If `sys/wait.h' is not POSIX compatible,
     then instead of including it, define the POSIX macros with their
     usual interpretations.  Here is an example:

          #include <sys/types.h>
          #if HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H
          # include <sys/wait.h>
          #endif
          #ifndef WEXITSTATUS
          # define WEXITSTATUS(stat_val) ((unsigned)(stat_val) >> 8)
          #endif
          #ifndef WIFEXITED
          # define WIFEXITED(stat_val) (((stat_val) & 255) == 0)
          #endif

   `_POSIX_VERSION' is defined when `unistd.h' is included on POSIX
systems.  If there is no `unistd.h', it is definitely not a POSIX
system.  However, some non-POSIX systems do have `unistd.h'.

   The way to check if the system supports POSIX is:

     #if HAVE_UNISTD_H
     # include <sys/types.h>
     # include <unistd.h>
     #endif

     #ifdef _POSIX_VERSION
     /* Code for POSIX systems.  */
     #endif

 -- Macro: AC_HEADER_TIME
     If a program may include both `time.h' and `sys/time.h', define
     `TIME_WITH_SYS_TIME'.  On some older systems, `sys/time.h'
     includes `time.h', but `time.h' is not protected against multiple
     inclusion, so programs should not explicitly include both files.
     This macro is useful in programs that use, for example, `struct
     timeval' as well as `struct tm'.  It is best used in conjunction
     with `HAVE_SYS_TIME_H', which can be checked for using
     `AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/time.h)'.

          #if TIME_WITH_SYS_TIME
          # include <sys/time.h>
          # include <time.h>
          #else
          # if HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
          #  include <sys/time.h>
          # else
          #  include <time.h>
          # endif
          #endif

 -- Macro: AC_HEADER_TIOCGWINSZ
     If the use of `TIOCGWINSZ' requires `<sys/ioctl.h>', then define
     `GWINSZ_IN_SYS_IOCTL'.  Otherwise `TIOCGWINSZ' can be found in
     `<termios.h>'.

     Use:

          #if HAVE_TERMIOS_H
          # include <termios.h>
          #endif

          #if GWINSZ_IN_SYS_IOCTL
          # include <sys/ioctl.h>
          #endif


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Generic Headers,  Prev: Particular Headers,  Up: Header Files

5.6.3 Generic Header Checks
---------------------------

These macros are used to find system header files not covered by the
"particular" test macros.  If you need to check the contents of a header
as well as find out whether it is present, you have to write your own
test for it (*note Writing Tests::).

 -- Macro: AC_CHECK_HEADER (HEADER-FILE, [ACTION-IF-FOUND],
          [ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND], [INCLUDES = `default-includes'])
     If the system header file HEADER-FILE is compilable, execute shell
     commands ACTION-IF-FOUND, otherwise execute ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND.
     If you just want to define a symbol if the header file is
     available, consider using `AC_CHECK_HEADERS' instead.

     For compatibility issues with older versions of Autoconf, please
     read below.

 -- Macro: AC_CHECK_HEADERS (HEADER-FILE..., [ACTION-IF-FOUND],
          [ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND], [INCLUDES = `default-includes'])
     For each given system header file HEADER-FILE in the
     whitespace-separated argument list that exists, define
     `HAVE_HEADER-FILE' (in all capitals).  If ACTION-IF-FOUND is
     given, it is additional shell code to execute when one of the
     header files is found.  You can give it a value of `break' to
     break out of the loop on the first match.  If ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND
     is given, it is executed when one of the header files is not found.

     For compatibility issues with older versions of Autoconf, please
     read below.

   Previous versions of Autoconf merely checked whether the header was
accepted by the preprocessor.  This was changed because the old test was
inappropriate for typical uses.  Headers are typically used to compile,
not merely to preprocess, and the old behavior sometimes accepted
headers that clashed at compile-time.  If you need to check whether a
header is preprocessable, you can use `AC_PREPROC_IFELSE' (*note
Running the Preprocessor::).

   This scheme, which improves the robustness of the test, also requires
that you make sure that headers that must be included before the
HEADER-FILE be part of the INCLUDES, (*note Default Includes::).  If
looking for `bar.h', which requires that `foo.h' be included before if
it exists, we suggest the following scheme:


AC_CHECK_HEADERS([foo.h])
AC_CHECK_HEADERS([bar.h], [], [],
[#if HAVE_FOO_H
# include <foo.h>
# endif
])


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Declarations,  Next: Structures,  Prev: Header Files,  Up: Existing Tests

5.7 Declarations
================

The following macros check for the declaration of variables and
functions.  If there is no macro specifically defined to check for a
symbol you need, then you can use the general macros (*note Generic
Declarations::) or, for more complex tests, you may use
`AC_COMPILE_IFELSE' (*note Running the Compiler::).

* Menu:

* Particular Declarations::     Macros to check for certain declarations
* Generic Declarations::        How to find other declarations


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Particular Declarations,  Next: Generic Declarations,  Up: Declarations

5.7.1 Particular Declaration Checks
-----------------------------------

There are no specific macros for declarations.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Generic Declarations,  Prev: Particular Declarations,  Up: Declarations

5.7.2 Generic Declaration Checks
--------------------------------

These macros are used to find declarations not covered by the
"particular" test macros.

 -- Macro: AC_CHECK_DECL (SYMBOL, [ACTION-IF-FOUND],
          [ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND], [INCLUDES = `default-includes'])
     If SYMBOL (a function or a variable) is not declared in INCLUDES
     and a declaration is needed, run the shell commands
     ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND, otherwise ACTION-IF-FOUND.  If no INCLUDES
     are specified, the default includes are used (*note Default
     Includes::).

     This macro actually tests whether it is valid to use SYMBOL as an
     r-value, not if it is really declared, because it is much safer to
     avoid introducing extra declarations when they are not needed.

 -- Macro: AC_CHECK_DECLS (SYMBOLS, [ACTION-IF-FOUND],
          [ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND], [INCLUDES = `default-includes'])
     For each of the SYMBOLS (_comma_-separated list), define
     `HAVE_DECL_SYMBOL' (in all capitals) to `1' if SYMBOL is declared,
     otherwise to `0'.  If ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND is given, it is
     additional shell code to execute when one of the function
     declarations is needed, otherwise ACTION-IF-FOUND is executed.

     This macro uses an m4 list as first argument:
          AC_CHECK_DECLS(strdup)
          AC_CHECK_DECLS([strlen])
          AC_CHECK_DECLS([malloc, realloc, calloc, free])

     Unlike the other `AC_CHECK_*S' macros, when a SYMBOL is not
     declared, `HAVE_DECL_SYMBOL' is defined to `0' instead of leaving
     `HAVE_DECL_SYMBOL' undeclared.  When you are _sure_ that the check
     was performed, use `HAVE_DECL_SYMBOL' just like any other result
     of Autoconf:

          #if !HAVE_DECL_SYMBOL
          extern char *symbol;
          #endif

     If the test may have not been performed, however, because it is
     safer _not_ to declare a symbol than to use a declaration that
     conflicts with the system's one, you should use:

          #if defined HAVE_DECL_MALLOC && !HAVE_DECL_MALLOC
          void *malloc (size_t *s);
          #endif

     You fall into the second category only in extreme situations:
     either your files may be used without being configured, or they
     are used during the configuration.  In most cases the traditional
     approach is enough.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Structures,  Next: Types,  Prev: Declarations,  Up: Existing Tests

5.8 Structures
==============

The following macros check for the presence of certain members in C
structures.  If there is no macro specifically defined to check for a
member you need, then you can use the general structure-member macros
(*note Generic Structures::) or, for more complex tests, you may use
`AC_COMPILE_IFELSE' (*note Running the Compiler::).

* Menu:

* Particular Structures::       Macros to check for certain structure members
* Generic Structures::          How to find other structure members


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Particular Structures,  Next: Generic Structures,  Up: Structures

5.8.1 Particular Structure Checks
---------------------------------

The following macros check for certain structures or structure members.

 -- Macro: AC_STRUCT_ST_BLKSIZE
     If `struct stat' contains an `st_blksize' member, define
     `HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BLKSIZE'.  The former name, `HAVE_ST_BLKSIZE'
     is to be avoided, as its support will cease in the future.  This
     macro is obsoleted, and should be replaced by

          AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_blksize])

 -- Macro: AC_STRUCT_ST_BLOCKS
     If `struct stat' contains an `st_blocks' member, define
     `HAVE_STRUCT STAT_ST_BLOCKS'.  Otherwise, require an `AC_LIBOBJ'
     replacement of `fileblocks'.  The former name, `HAVE_ST_BLOCKS' is
     to be avoided, as its support will cease in the future.

 -- Macro: AC_STRUCT_ST_RDEV
     If `struct stat' contains an `st_rdev' member, define
     `HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_RDEV'.  The former name for this macro,
     `HAVE_ST_RDEV', is to be avoided as it will cease to be supported
     in the future.  Actually, even the new macro is obsolete and
     should be replaced by:
          AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_rdev])

 -- Macro: AC_STRUCT_TM
     If `time.h' does not define `struct tm', define `TM_IN_SYS_TIME',
     which means that including `sys/time.h' had better define `struct
     tm'.

 -- Macro: AC_STRUCT_TIMEZONE
     Figure out how to get the current timezone.  If `struct tm' has a
     `tm_zone' member, define `HAVE_STRUCT_TM_TM_ZONE' (and the
     obsoleted `HAVE_TM_ZONE').  Otherwise, if the external array
     `tzname' is found, define `HAVE_TZNAME'.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Generic Structures,  Prev: Particular Structures,  Up: Structures

5.8.2 Generic Structure Checks
------------------------------

These macros are used to find structure members not covered by the
"particular" test macros.

 -- Macro: AC_CHECK_MEMBER (AGGREGATE.MEMBER, [ACTION-IF-FOUND],
          [ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND], [INCLUDES = `default-includes'])
     Check whether MEMBER is a member of the aggregate AGGREGATE.  If
     no INCLUDES are specified, the default includes are used (*note
     Default Includes::).

          AC_CHECK_MEMBER(struct passwd.pw_gecos,,
                          [AC_MSG_ERROR([We need `passwd.pw_gecos'!])],
                          [#include <pwd.h>])

     You can use this macro for sub-members:

          AC_CHECK_MEMBER(struct top.middle.bot)

 -- Macro: AC_CHECK_MEMBERS (MEMBERS, [ACTION-IF-FOUND],
          [ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND], [INCLUDES = `default-includes'])
     Check for the existence of each `AGGREGATE.MEMBER' of MEMBERS
     using the previous macro.  When MEMBER belongs to AGGREGATE,
     define `HAVE_AGGREGATE_MEMBER' (in all capitals, with spaces and
     dots replaced by underscores).

     This macro uses m4 lists:
          AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_rdev, struct stat.st_blksize])


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Types,  Next: Compilers and Preprocessors,  Prev: Structures,  Up: Existing Tests

5.9 Types
=========

The following macros check for C types, either builtin or typedefs.  If
there is no macro specifically defined to check for a type you need, and
you don't need to check for any special properties of it, then you can
use a general type-check macro.

* Menu:

* Particular Types::            Special handling to find certain types
* Generic Types::               How to find other types


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Particular Types,  Next: Generic Types,  Up: Types

5.9.1 Particular Type Checks
----------------------------

These macros check for particular C types in `sys/types.h', `stdlib.h'
and others, if they exist.

 -- Macro: AC_TYPE_GETGROUPS
     Define `GETGROUPS_T' to be whichever of `gid_t' or `int' is the
     base type of the array argument to `getgroups'.

 -- Macro: AC_TYPE_MBSTATE_T
     Define `HAVE_MBSTATE_T' if `<wchar.h>' declares the `mbstate_t'
     type.  Also, define `mbstate_t' to be a type if `<wchar.h>' does
     not declare it.

 -- Macro: AC_TYPE_MODE_T
     Equivalent to `AC_CHECK_TYPE(mode_t, int)'.

 -- Macro: AC_TYPE_OFF_T
     Equivalent to `AC_CHECK_TYPE(off_t, long)'.

 -- Macro: AC_TYPE_PID_T
     Equivalent to `AC_CHECK_TYPE(pid_t, int)'.

 -- Macro: AC_TYPE_SIGNAL
     If `signal.h' declares `signal' as returning a pointer to a
     function returning `void', define `RETSIGTYPE' to be `void';
     otherwise, define it to be `int'.

     Define signal handlers as returning type `RETSIGTYPE':

          RETSIGTYPE
          hup_handler ()
          {
          ...
          }

 -- Macro: AC_TYPE_SIZE_T
     Equivalent to `AC_CHECK_TYPE(size_t, unsigned)'.

 -- Macro: AC_TYPE_UID_T
     If `uid_t' is not defined, define `uid_t' to be `int' and `gid_t'
     to be `int'.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Generic Types,  Prev: Particular Types,  Up: Types

5.9.2 Generic Type Checks
-------------------------

These macros are used to check for types not covered by the "particular"
test macros.

 -- Macro: AC_CHECK_TYPE (TYPE, [ACTION-IF-FOUND],
          [ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND], [INCLUDES = `default-includes'])
     Check whether TYPE is defined.  It may be a compiler builtin type
     or defined by the INCLUDES (*note Default Includes::).

 -- Macro: AC_CHECK_TYPES (TYPES, [ACTION-IF-FOUND],
          [ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND], [INCLUDES = `default-includes'])
     For each TYPE of the TYPES that is defined, define `HAVE_TYPE' (in
     all capitals).  If no INCLUDES are specified, the default includes
     are used (*note Default Includes::).  If ACTION-IF-FOUND is given,
     it is additional shell code to execute when one of the types is
     found.  If ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND is given, it is executed when one
     of the types is not found.

     This macro uses m4 lists:
          AC_CHECK_TYPES(ptrdiff_t)
          AC_CHECK_TYPES([unsigned long long, uintmax_t])


   Autoconf, up to 2.13, used to provide to another version of
`AC_CHECK_TYPE', broken by design.  In order to keep backward
compatibility, a simple heuristics, quite safe but not totally, is
implemented.  In case of doubt, read the documentation of the former
`AC_CHECK_TYPE', see *Note Obsolete Macros::.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Compilers and Preprocessors,  Next: System Services,  Prev: Types,  Up: Existing Tests

5.10 Compilers and Preprocessors
================================

All the tests for compilers (`AC_PROG_CC', `AC_PROG_CXX',
`AC_PROG_F77') define the output variable `EXEEXT' based on the output
of the compiler, typically to the empty string if Unix and `.exe' if
Win32 or OS/2.

   They also define the output variable `OBJEXT' based on the output of
the compiler, after `.c' files have been excluded, typically to `o' if
Unix, `obj' if Win32.

   If the compiler being used does not produce executables, the tests
fail.  If the executables can't be run, and cross-compilation is not
enabled, they fail too.  *Note Manual Configuration::, for more on
support for cross compiling.

* Menu:

* Specific Compiler Characteristics::  Some portability issues
* Generic Compiler Characteristics::  Language independent tests
* C Compiler::                  Checking its characteristics
* C++ Compiler::                Likewise
* Fortran 77 Compiler::         Likewise


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Specific Compiler Characteristics,  Next: Generic Compiler Characteristics,  Up: Compilers and Preprocessors

5.10.1 Specific Compiler Characteristics
----------------------------------------

Some compilers exhibit different behaviors.

Static/Dynamic Expressions
     Autoconf relies on a trick to extract one bit of information from
     the C compiler: using negative array sizes.  For instance the
     following excerpt of a C source demonstrates how to test whether
     `int's are 4 bytes long:

          int
          main (void)
          {
            static int test_array [sizeof (int) == 4 ? 1 : -1];
            test_array [0] = 0
            return 0;
          }

     To our knowledge, there is a single compiler that does not support
     this trick: the HP C compilers (the real one, not only the
     "bundled") on HP-UX 11.00:

          $ cc -c -Ae +O2 +Onolimit conftest.c
          cc: "conftest.c": error 1879: Variable-length arrays cannot \
              have static storage.

     Autoconf works around this problem by casting `sizeof (int)' to
     `long' before comparing it.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Generic Compiler Characteristics,  Next: C Compiler,  Prev: Specific Compiler Characteristics,  Up: Compilers and Preprocessors

5.10.2 Generic Compiler Characteristics
---------------------------------------

 -- Macro: AC_CHECK_SIZEOF (TYPE, [UNUSED], [INCLUDES =
          `default-includes'])
     Define `SIZEOF_TYPE' (*note Standard Symbols::) to be the size in
     bytes of TYPE.  If `type' is unknown, it gets a size of 0.  If no
     INCLUDES are specified, the default includes are used (*note
     Default Includes::).  If you provide INCLUDE, be sure to include
     `stdio.h' which is required for this macro to run.

     This macro now works even when cross-compiling.  The UNUSED
     argument was used when cross-compiling.

     For example, the call

          AC_CHECK_SIZEOF(int *)

     defines `SIZEOF_INT_P' to be 8 on DEC Alpha AXP systems.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: C Compiler,  Next: C++ Compiler,  Prev: Generic Compiler Characteristics,  Up: Compilers and Preprocessors

5.10.3 C Compiler Characteristics
---------------------------------

The following macros provide ways to find and exercise a C Compiler.
There are a few constructs that ought to be avoided, but do not deserve
being checked for, since they can easily be worked around.

Don't use lines containing solitary backslashes
     They tickle a bug in the HP-UX C compiler (checked on HP-UX 10.20,
     11.00, and 11i).  Running the compiler on the following source,

          #ifdef __STDC__
          /\
          * A comment with backslash-newlines in it. %{ %} *\
          \
          /
          char str[] = "\\
          " A string with backslash-newlines in it %{ %} \\
          "";
          char apostrophe = '\\
          \
          '\
          ';
          #endif

     yields

          error-->cpp: "foo.c", line 13: error 4048: Non-terminating comment at end of file.
          error-->cpp: "foo.c", line 13: error 4033: Missing #endif at end of file.

     Removing the lines with solitary backslashes solves the problem.

Don't compile several files at once if output matters to you
     Some compilers, such as the HP's, reports the name of the file it
     is compiling _when_ they are several.  For instance:

          $ cc a.c b.c
          a.c:
          b.c:

     This can cause problems if you observe the output of the compiler
     to detect failures.  Invoking `cc -c a.c -o a.o; cc -c b.c -o b.o;
     cc a.o b.o -o c' solves the issue.

 -- Macro: AC_PROG_CC ([COMPILER-SEARCH-LIST])
     Determine a C compiler to use.  If `CC' is not already set in the
     environment, check for `gcc' and `cc', then for other C compilers.
     Set output variable `CC' to the name of the compiler found.

     This macro may, however, be invoked with an optional first argument
     which, if specified, must be a space separated list of C compilers
     to search for.  This just gives the user an opportunity to specify
     an alternative search list for the C compiler.  For example, if
     you didn't like the default order, then you could invoke
     `AC_PROG_CC' like this:

          AC_PROG_CC(cl egcs gcc cc)

     If the C compiler is not in ANSI C mode by default, try to add an
     option to output variable `CC' to make it so.  This macro tries
     various options that select ANSI C on some system or another.  It
     considers the compiler to be in ANSI C mode if it handles function
     prototypes correctly.

     After calling this macro you can check whether the C compiler has
     been set to accept ANSI C; if not, the shell variable
     `ac_cv_prog_cc_stdc' is set to `no'.  If you wrote your source
     code in ANSI C, you can make an un-ANSIfied copy of it by using
     the program `ansi2knr', which comes with Automake.  See also under
     `AC_C_PROTOTYPES' below.

     If using the GNU C compiler, set shell variable `GCC' to `yes'.
     If output variable `CFLAGS' was not already set, set it to `-g
     -O2' for the GNU C compiler (`-O2' on systems where GCC does not
     accept `-g'), or `-g' for other compilers.

 -- Macro: AC_PROG_CC_C_O
     If the C compiler does not accept the `-c' and `-o' options
     simultaneously, define `NO_MINUS_C_MINUS_O'.  This macro actually
     tests both the compiler found by `AC_PROG_CC', and, if different,
     the first `cc' in the path.  The test fails if one fails.  This
     macro was created for GNU Make to choose the default C compilation
     rule.

 -- Macro: AC_PROG_CPP
     Set output variable `CPP' to a command that runs the C
     preprocessor.  If `$CC -E' doesn't work, `/lib/cpp' is used.  It
     is only portable to run `CPP' on files with a `.c' extension.

     Some preprocessors don't indicate missing include files by the
     error status.  For such preprocessors an internal variable is set
     that causes other macros to check the standard error from the
     preprocessor and consider the test failed if any warnings have
     been reported.

   The following macros check for C compiler or machine architecture
features.  To check for characteristics not listed here, use
`AC_COMPILE_IFELSE' (*note Running the Compiler::) or `AC_RUN_IFELSE'
(*note Run Time::).

 -- Macro: AC_C_BACKSLASH_A
     Define `HAVE_C_BACKSLASH_A' to 1 if the C compiler understands
     `\a'.

 -- Macro: AC_C_BIGENDIAN ([ACTION-IF-TRUE], [ACTION-IF-FALSE],
          [ACTION-IF-UNKNOWN])
     If words are stored with the most significant byte first (like
     Motorola and SPARC CPUs), execute ACTION-IF-TRUE.  If words are
     stored with the least significant byte first (like Intel and VAX
     CPUs), execute ACTION-IF-FALSE.

     This macro runs a test-case if endianness cannot be determined
     from the system header files.  When cross-compiling, the test-case
     is not run but grep'ed for some magic values.  ACTION-IF-UNKNOWN
     is executed if the latter case fails to determine the byte sex of
     the host system.

     The default for ACTION-IF-TRUE is to define `WORDS_BIGENDIAN'.
     The default for ACTION-IF-FALSE is to do nothing.  And finally,
     the default for ACTION-IF-UNKNOWN is to abort configure and tell
     the installer which variable he should preset to bypass this test.

 -- Macro: AC_C_CONST
     If the C compiler does not fully support the ANSI C qualifier
     `const', define `const' to be empty.  Some C compilers that do not
     define `__STDC__' do support `const'; some compilers that define
     `__STDC__' do not completely support `const'.  Programs can simply
     use `const' as if every C compiler supported it; for those that
     don't, the `Makefile' or configuration header file will define it
     as empty.

     Occasionally installers use a C++ compiler to compile C code,
     typically because they lack a C compiler.  This causes problems
     with `const', because C and C++ treat `const' differently.  For
     example:

          const int foo;

     is valid in C but not in C++.  These differences unfortunately
     cannot be papered over by defining `const' to be empty.

     If `autoconf' detects this situation, it leaves `const' alone, as
     this generally yields better results in practice.  However, using a
     C++ compiler to compile C code is not recommended or supported, and
     installers who run into trouble in this area should get a C
     compiler like GCC to compile their C code.

 -- Macro: AC_C_VOLATILE
     If the C compiler does not understand the keyword `volatile',
     define `volatile' to be empty.  Programs can simply use `volatile'
     as if every C compiler supported it; for those that do not, the
     `Makefile' or configuration header will define it as empty.

     If the correctness of your program depends on the semantics of
     `volatile', simply defining it to be empty does, in a sense, break
     your code.  However, given that the compiler does not support
     `volatile', you are at its mercy anyway.  At least your program
     will compile, when it wouldn't before.

     In general, the `volatile' keyword is a feature of ANSI C, so you
     might expect that `volatile' is available only when `__STDC__' is
     defined.  However, Ultrix 4.3's native compiler does support
     volatile, but does not defined `__STDC__'.

 -- Macro: AC_C_INLINE
     If the C compiler supports the keyword `inline', do nothing.
     Otherwise define `inline' to `__inline__' or `__inline' if it
     accepts one of those, otherwise define `inline' to be empty.

 -- Macro: AC_C_CHAR_UNSIGNED
     If the C type `char' is unsigned, define `__CHAR_UNSIGNED__',
     unless the C compiler predefines it.

 -- Macro: AC_C_LONG_DOUBLE
     If the C compiler supports a working `long double' type with more
     range or precision than the `double' type, define
     `HAVE_LONG_DOUBLE'.

 -- Macro: AC_C_STRINGIZE
     If the C preprocessor supports the stringizing operator, define
     `HAVE_STRINGIZE'.  The stringizing operator is `#' and is found in
     macros such as this:

          #define x(y) #y

 -- Macro: AC_C_PROTOTYPES
     If function prototypes are understood by the compiler (as
     determined by `AC_PROG_CC'), define `PROTOTYPES' and
     `__PROTOTYPES'.  In the case the compiler does not handle
     prototypes, you should use `ansi2knr', which comes with the
     Automake distribution, to unprotoize function definitions.  For
     function prototypes, you should first define `PARAMS':

          #ifndef PARAMS
          # if PROTOTYPES
          #  define PARAMS(protos) protos
          # else /* no PROTOTYPES */
          #  define PARAMS(protos) ()
          # endif /* no PROTOTYPES */
          #endif

     then use it this way:

          size_t my_strlen PARAMS ((const char *));

   This macro also defines `__PROTOTYPES'; this is for the benefit of
header files that cannot use macros that infringe on user name space.

 -- Macro: AC_PROG_GCC_TRADITIONAL
     Add `-traditional' to output variable `CC' if using the GNU C
     compiler and `ioctl' does not work properly without
     `-traditional'.  That usually happens when the fixed header files
     have not been installed on an old system.  Since recent versions
     of the GNU C compiler fix the header files automatically when
     installed, this is becoming a less prevalent problem.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: C++ Compiler,  Next: Fortran 77 Compiler,  Prev: C Compiler,  Up: Compilers and Preprocessors

5.10.4 C++ Compiler Characteristics
-----------------------------------

 -- Macro: AC_PROG_CXX ([COMPILER-SEARCH-LIST])
     Determine a C++ compiler to use.  Check if the environment variable
     `CXX' or `CCC' (in that order) is set; if so, then set output
     variable `CXX' to its value.

     Otherwise, if the macro is invoked without an argument, then
     search for a C++ compiler under the likely names (first `g++' and
     `c++' then other names).  If none of those checks succeed, then as
     a last resort set `CXX' to `g++'.

     This macro may, however, be invoked with an optional first argument
     which, if specified, must be a space separated list of C++
     compilers to search for.  This just gives the user an opportunity
     to specify an alternative search list for the C++ compiler.  For
     example, if you didn't like the default order, then you could
     invoke `AC_PROG_CXX' like this:

          AC_PROG_CXX(cl KCC CC cxx cc++ xlC aCC c++ g++ egcs gcc)

     If using the GNU C++ compiler, set shell variable `GXX' to `yes'.
     If output variable `CXXFLAGS' was not already set, set it to `-g
     -O2' for the GNU C++ compiler (`-O2' on systems where G++ does not
     accept `-g'), or `-g' for other compilers.

 -- Macro: AC_PROG_CXXCPP
     Set output variable `CXXCPP' to a command that runs the C++
     preprocessor.  If `$CXX -E' doesn't work, `/lib/cpp' is used.  It
     is only portable to run `CXXCPP' on files with a `.c', `.C', or
     `.cc' extension.

     Some preprocessors don't indicate missing include files by the
     error status.  For such preprocessors an internal variable is set
     that causes other macros to check the standard error from the
     preprocessor and consider the test failed if any warnings have
     been reported.  However, it is not known whether such broken
     preprocessors exist for C++.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Fortran 77 Compiler,  Prev: C++ Compiler,  Up: Compilers and Preprocessors

5.10.5 Fortran 77 Compiler Characteristics
------------------------------------------

 -- Macro: AC_PROG_F77 ([COMPILER-SEARCH-LIST])
     Determine a Fortran 77 compiler to use.  If `F77' is not already
     set in the environment, then check for `g77' and `f77', and then
     some other names.  Set the output variable `F77' to the name of
     the compiler found.

     This macro may, however, be invoked with an optional first argument
     which, if specified, must be a space separated list of Fortran 77
     compilers to search for.  This just gives the user an opportunity
     to specify an alternative search list for the Fortran 77 compiler.
     For example, if you didn't like the default order, then you could
     invoke `AC_PROG_F77' like this:

          AC_PROG_F77(fl32 f77 fort77 xlf g77 f90 xlf90)

     If using `g77' (the GNU Fortran 77 compiler), then `AC_PROG_F77'
     will set the shell variable `G77' to `yes'.  If the output
     variable `FFLAGS' was not already set in the environment, then set
     it to `-g -02' for `g77' (or `-O2' where `g77' does not accept
     `-g').  Otherwise, set `FFLAGS' to `-g' for all other Fortran 77
     compilers.

 -- Macro: AC_PROG_F77_C_O
     Test if the Fortran 77 compiler accepts the options `-c' and `-o'
     simultaneously, and define `F77_NO_MINUS_C_MINUS_O' if it does not.

   The following macros check for Fortran 77 compiler characteristics.
To check for characteristics not listed here, use `AC_COMPILE_IFELSE'
(*note Running the Compiler::) or `AC_RUN_IFELSE' (*note Run Time::),
making sure to first set the current language to Fortran 77
`AC_LANG(Fortran 77)' (*note Language Choice::).

 -- Macro: AC_F77_LIBRARY_LDFLAGS
     Determine the linker flags (e.g., `-L' and `-l') for the "Fortran
     77 intrinsic and run-time libraries" that are required to
     successfully link a Fortran 77 program or shared library.  The
     output variable `FLIBS' is set to these flags.

     This macro is intended to be used in those situations when it is
     necessary to mix, e.g., C++ and Fortran 77 source code into a
     single program or shared library (*note Mixing Fortran 77 With C
     and C++: (automake)Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++.).

     For example, if object files from a C++ and Fortran 77 compiler
     must be linked together, then the C++ compiler/linker must be used
     for linking (since special C++-ish things need to happen at link
     time like calling global constructors, instantiating templates,
     enabling exception support, etc.).

     However, the Fortran 77 intrinsic and run-time libraries must be
     linked in as well, but the C++ compiler/linker doesn't know by
     default how to add these Fortran 77 libraries.  Hence, the macro
     `AC_F77_LIBRARY_LDFLAGS' was created to determine these Fortran 77
     libraries.

     The macro `AC_F77_DUMMY_MAIN' or `AC_F77_MAIN' will probably also
     be necessary to link C/C++ with Fortran; see below.

 -- Macro: AC_F77_DUMMY_MAIN ([ACTION-IF-FOUND], [ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND])
     With many compilers, the Fortran libraries detected by
     `AC_F77_LIBRARY_LDFLAGS' provide their own `main' entry function
     that initializes things like Fortran I/O, and which then calls a
     user-provided entry function named (say) `MAIN__' to run the
     user's program.  The `AC_F77_DUMMY_MAIN' or `AC_F77_MAIN' macro
     figures out how to deal with this interaction.

     When using Fortran for purely numerical functions (no I/O, etc.)
     often one prefers to provide one's own `main' and skip the Fortran
     library initializations.  In this case, however, one may still
     need to provide a dummy `MAIN__' routine in order to prevent
     linking errors on some systems.  `AC_F77_DUMMY_MAIN' detects
     whether any such routine is _required_ for linking, and what its
     name is; the shell variable `F77_DUMMY_MAIN' holds this name,
     `unknown' when no solution was found, and `none' when no such
     dummy main is needed.

     By default, ACTION-IF-FOUND defines `F77_DUMMY_MAIN' to the name
     of this routine (e.g., `MAIN__') _if_ it is required.
     [ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND] defaults to exiting with an error.

     In order to link with Fortran routines, the user's C/C++ program
     should then include the following code to define the dummy main if
     it is needed:

          #ifdef F77_DUMMY_MAIN
          #  ifdef __cplusplus
               extern "C"
          #  endif
             int F77_DUMMY_MAIN() { return 1; }
          #endif

     Note that `AC_F77_DUMMY_MAIN' is called automatically from
     `AC_F77_WRAPPERS'; there is generally no need to call it explicitly
     unless one wants to change the default actions.

 -- Macro: AC_F77_MAIN
     As discussed above for `AC_F77_DUMMY_MAIN', many Fortran libraries
     allow you to provide an entry point called (say) `MAIN__' instead
     of the usual `main', which is then called by a `main' function in
     the Fortran libraries that initializes things like Fortran I/O.
     The `AC_F77_MAIN' macro detects whether it is _possible_ to
     utilize such an alternate main function, and defines `F77_MAIN' to
     the name of the function.  (If no alternate main function name is
     found, `F77_MAIN' is simply defined to `main'.)

     Thus, when calling Fortran routines from C that perform things
     like I/O, one should use this macro and name the "main" function
     `F77_MAIN' instead of `main'.

 -- Macro: AC_F77_WRAPPERS
     Defines C macros `F77_FUNC(name,NAME)' and `F77_FUNC_(name,NAME)'
     to properly mangle the names of C/C++ identifiers, and identifiers
     with underscores, respectively, so that they match the
     name-mangling scheme used by the Fortran 77 compiler.

     Fortran 77 is case-insensitive, and in order to achieve this the
     Fortran 77 compiler converts all identifiers into a canonical case
     and format.  To call a Fortran 77 subroutine from C or to write a
     C function that is callable from Fortran 77, the C program must
     explicitly use identifiers in the format expected by the Fortran
     77 compiler.  In order to do this, one simply wraps all C
     identifiers in one of the macros provided by `AC_F77_WRAPPERS'.
     For example, suppose you have the following Fortran 77 subroutine:

                subroutine foobar(x,y)
                double precision x, y
                y = 3.14159 * x
                return
                end

     You would then declare its prototype in C or C++ as:

          #define FOOBAR_F77 F77_FUNC(foobar,FOOBAR)
          #ifdef __cplusplus
          extern "C"  /* prevent C++ name mangling */
          #endif
          void FOOBAR_F77(double *x, double *y);

     Note that we pass both the lowercase and uppercase versions of the
     function name to `F77_FUNC' so that it can select the right one.
     Note also that all parameters to Fortran 77 routines are passed as
     pointers (*note Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++: (automake)Mixing
     Fortran 77 With C and C++.).

     Although Autoconf tries to be intelligent about detecting the
     name-mangling scheme of the Fortran 77 compiler, there may be
     Fortran 77 compilers that it doesn't support yet.  In this case,
     the above code will generate a compile-time error, but some other
     behavior (e.g., disabling Fortran-related features) can be induced
     by checking whether the `F77_FUNC' macro is defined.

     Now, to call that routine from a C program, we would do something
     like:

          {
              double x = 2.7183, y;
              FOOBAR_F77(&x, &y);
          }

     If the Fortran 77 identifier contains an underscore (e.g.,
     `foo_bar'), you should use `F77_FUNC_' instead of `F77_FUNC' (with
     the same arguments).  This is because some Fortran 77 compilers
     mangle names differently if they contain an underscore.

 -- Macro: AC_F77_FUNC (NAME, [SHELLVAR])
     Given an identifier NAME, set the shell variable SHELLVAR to hold
     the mangled version NAME according to the rules of the Fortran 77
     linker (see also `AC_F77_WRAPPERS').  SHELLVAR is optional; if it
     is not supplied, the shell variable will be simply NAME.  The
     purpose of this macro is to give the caller a way to access the
     name-mangling information other than through the C preprocessor as
     above, for example, to call Fortran routines from some language
     other than C/C++.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: System Services,  Next: UNIX Variants,  Prev: Compilers and Preprocessors,  Up: Existing Tests

5.11 System Services
====================

The following macros check for operating system services or
capabilities.

 -- Macro: AC_PATH_X
     Try to locate the X Window System include files and libraries.  If
     the user gave the command line options `--x-includes=DIR' and
     `--x-libraries=DIR', use those directories.  If either or both
     were not given, get the missing values by running `xmkmf' on a
     trivial `Imakefile' and examining the `Makefile' that it produces.
     If that fails (such as if `xmkmf' is not present), look for the
     files in several directories where they often reside.  If either
     method is successful, set the shell variables `x_includes' and
     `x_libraries' to their locations, unless they are in directories
     the compiler searches by default.

     If both methods fail, or the user gave the command line option
     `--without-x', set the shell variable `no_x' to `yes'; otherwise
     set it to the empty string.

 -- Macro: AC_PATH_XTRA
     An enhanced version of `AC_PATH_X'.  It adds the C compiler flags
     that X needs to output variable `X_CFLAGS', and the X linker flags
     to `X_LIBS'.  Define `X_DISPLAY_MISSING' if X is not available.

     This macro also checks for special libraries that some systems
     need in order to compile X programs.  It adds any that the system
     needs to output variable `X_EXTRA_LIBS'.  And it checks for
     special X11R6 libraries that need to be linked with before
     `-lX11', and adds any found to the output variable `X_PRE_LIBS'.


 -- Macro: AC_SYS_INTERPRETER
     Check whether the system supports starting scripts with a line of
     the form `#! /bin/csh' to select the interpreter to use for the
     script.  After running this macro, shell code in `configure.ac'
     can check the shell variable `interpval'; it will be set to `yes'
     if the system supports `#!', `no' if not.

 -- Macro: AC_SYS_LARGEFILE
     Arrange for large-file support(1).  On some hosts, one must use
     special compiler options to build programs that can access large
     files.  Append any such options to the output variable `CC'.
     Define `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS' and `_LARGE_FILES' if necessary.

     Large-file support can be disabled by configuring with the
     `--disable-largefile' option.

     If you use this macro, check that your program works even when
     `off_t' is longer than `long', since this is common when
     large-file support is enabled.  For example, it is not correct to
     print an arbitrary `off_t' value `X' with `printf ("%ld", (long)
     X)'.

 -- Macro: AC_SYS_LONG_FILE_NAMES
     If the system supports file names longer than 14 characters, define
     `HAVE_LONG_FILE_NAMES'.

 -- Macro: AC_SYS_POSIX_TERMIOS
     Check to see if the POSIX termios headers and functions are
     available on the system.  If so, set the shell variable
     `ac_cv_sys_posix_termios' to `yes'.  If not, set the variable to
     `no'.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) large-file support,
`http://www.sas.com/standards/large.file/x_open.20Mar96.html'.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: UNIX Variants,  Prev: System Services,  Up: Existing Tests

5.12 UNIX Variants
==================

The following macros check for certain operating systems that need
special treatment for some programs, due to exceptional oddities in
their header files or libraries.  These macros are warts; they will be
replaced by a more systematic approach, based on the functions they make
available or the environments they provide.

 -- Macro: AC_AIX
     If on AIX, define `_ALL_SOURCE'.  Allows the use of some BSD
     functions.  Should be called before any macros that run the C
     compiler.

 -- Macro: AC_GNU_SOURCE
     If using the GNU C library, define `_GNU_SOURCE'.  Allows the use
     of some GNU functions.  Should be called before any macros that
     run the C compiler.

 -- Macro: AC_ISC_POSIX
     For INTERACTIVE UNIX (ISC), add `-lcposix' to output variable
     `LIBS' if necessary for POSIX facilities.  Call this after
     `AC_PROG_CC' and before any other macros that use POSIX
     interfaces.  INTERACTIVE UNIX is no longer sold, and Sun says that
     they will drop support for it on 2006-07-23, so this macro is
     becoming obsolescent.

 -- Macro: AC_MINIX
     If on Minix, define `_MINIX' and `_POSIX_SOURCE' and define
     `_POSIX_1_SOURCE' to be 2.  This allows the use of POSIX
     facilities.  Should be called before any macros that run the C
     compiler.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Writing Tests,  Next: Results,  Prev: Existing Tests,  Up: Top

6 Writing Tests
***************

If the existing feature tests don't do something you need, you have to
write new ones.  These macros are the building blocks.  They provide
ways for other macros to check whether various kinds of features are
available and report the results.

   This chapter contains some suggestions and some of the reasons why
the existing tests are written the way they are.  You can also learn a
lot about how to write Autoconf tests by looking at the existing ones.
If something goes wrong in one or more of the Autoconf tests, this
information can help you understand the assumptions behind them, which
might help you figure out how to best solve the problem.

   These macros check the output of the compiler system of the current
language (*note Language Choice::).  They do not cache the results of
their tests for future use (*note Caching Results::), because they don't
know enough about the information they are checking for to generate a
cache variable name.  They also do not print any messages, for the same
reason.  The checks for particular kinds of features call these macros
and do cache their results and print messages about what they're
checking for.

   When you write a feature test that could be applicable to more than
one software package, the best thing to do is encapsulate it in a new
macro.  *Note Writing Autoconf Macros::, for how to do that.

* Menu:

* Language Choice::             Selecting which language to use for testing
* Writing Test Programs::       Forging source files for compilers
* Running the Preprocessor::    Detecting preprocessor symbols
* Running the Compiler::        Detecting language or header features
* Running the Linker::          Detecting library features
* Run Time::                    Testing for run-time features
* Systemology::                 A zoology of operating systems
* Multiple Cases::              Tests for several possible values


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Language Choice,  Next: Writing Test Programs,  Up: Writing Tests

6.1 Language Choice
===================

Autoconf-generated `configure' scripts check for the C compiler and its
features by default.  Packages that use other programming languages
(maybe more than one, e.g., C and C++) need to test features of the
compilers for the respective languages.  The following macros determine
which programming language is used in the subsequent tests in
`configure.ac'.

 -- Macro: AC_LANG (LANGUAGE)
     Do compilation tests using the compiler, preprocessor, and file
     extensions for the specified LANGUAGE.

     Supported languages are:

    `C'
          Do compilation tests using `CC' and `CPP' and use extension
          `.c' for test programs.

    `C++'
          Do compilation tests using `CXX' and `CXXCPP' and use
          extension `.C' for test programs.

    `Fortran 77'
          Do compilation tests using `F77' and use extension `.f' for
          test programs.

 -- Macro: AC_LANG_PUSH (LANGUAGE)
     Remember the current language (as set by `AC_LANG') on a stack, and
     then select the LANGUAGE.  Use this macro and `AC_LANG_POP' in
     macros that need to temporarily switch to a particular language.

 -- Macro: AC_LANG_POP ([LANGUAGE])
     Select the language that is saved on the top of the stack, as set
     by `AC_LANG_PUSH', and remove it from the stack.

     If given, LANGUAGE specifies the language we just _quit_.  It is a
     good idea to specify it when it's known (which should be the
     case...), since Autoconf will detect inconsistencies.

          AC_LANG_PUSH(Fortran 77)
          # Perform some tests on Fortran 77.
          # ...
          AC_LANG_POP(Fortran 77)

 -- Macro: AC_REQUIRE_CPP
     Ensure that whichever preprocessor would currently be used for
     tests has been found.  Calls `AC_REQUIRE' (*note Prerequisite
     Macros::) with an argument of either `AC_PROG_CPP' or
     `AC_PROG_CXXCPP', depending on which language is current.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Writing Test Programs,  Next: Running the Preprocessor,  Prev: Language Choice,  Up: Writing Tests

6.2 Writing Test Programs
=========================

Autoconf tests follow is common scheme: feeding some program with some
input, and most of the time, feeding a compiler with some source file.
This section is dedicated to these source samples.

* Menu:

* Guidelines::                  General rules for writing test programs
* Test Functions::              Avoiding pitfalls in test programs
* Generating Sources::          Source program boilerplate


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Guidelines,  Next: Test Functions,  Up: Writing Test Programs

6.2.1 Guidelines for Test Programs
----------------------------------

The most important rule to follow when writing testing samples is:

                          _Look for realism._

   This motto means that testing samples must be written with the same
strictness as real programs are written.  In particular, you should
avoid "shortcuts" and simplifications.

   Don't just play with the preprocessor if you want to prepare a
compilation.  For instance, using `cpp' to check if a header is
functional might let your `configure' accept a header which will cause
some _compiler_ error.  Do not hesitate checking header with other
headers included before, especially required headers.

   Make sure the symbols you use are properly defined, i.e., refrain for
simply declaring a function yourself instead of including the proper
header.

   Test programs should not write anything to the standard output.  They
should return 0 if the test succeeds, nonzero otherwise, so that success
can be distinguished easily from a core dump or other failure;
segmentation violations and other failures produce a nonzero exit
status.  Test programs should `exit', not `return', from `main',
because on some systems (old Suns, at least) the argument to `return'
in `main' is ignored.

   Test programs can use `#if' or `#ifdef' to check the values of
preprocessor macros defined by tests that have already run.  For
example, if you call `AC_HEADER_STDC', then later on in `configure.ac'
you can have a test program that includes an ANSI C header file
conditionally:

     #if STDC_HEADERS
     # include <stdlib.h>
     #endif

   If a test program needs to use or create a data file, give it a name
that starts with `conftest', such as `conftest.data'.  The `configure'
script cleans up by running `rm -rf conftest*' after running test
programs and if the script is interrupted.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Test Functions,  Next: Generating Sources,  Prev: Guidelines,  Up: Writing Test Programs

6.2.2 Test Functions
--------------------

Function declarations in test programs should have a prototype
conditionalized for C++.  In practice, though, test programs rarely need
functions that take arguments.

     #ifdef __cplusplus
     foo (int i)
     #else
     foo (i) int i;
     #endif

   Functions that test programs declare should also be conditionalized
for C++, which requires `extern "C"' prototypes.  Make sure to not
include any header files containing clashing prototypes.

     #ifdef __cplusplus
     extern "C" void *malloc (size_t);
     #else
     void *malloc ();
     #endif

   If a test program calls a function with invalid parameters (just to
see whether it exists), organize the program to ensure that it never
invokes that function.  You can do this by calling it in another
function that is never invoked.  You can't do it by putting it after a
call to `exit', because GCC version 2 knows that `exit' never returns
and optimizes out any code that follows it in the same block.

   If you include any header files, be sure to call the functions
relevant to them with the correct number of arguments, even if they are
just 0, to avoid compilation errors due to prototypes.  GCC version 2
has internal prototypes for several functions that it automatically
inlines; for example, `memcpy'.  To avoid errors when checking for
them, either pass them the correct number of arguments or redeclare them
with a different return type (such as `char').


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Generating Sources,  Prev: Test Functions,  Up: Writing Test Programs

6.2.3 Generating Sources
------------------------

Autoconf provides a set of macros that can be used to generate test
source files.  They are written to be language generic, i.e., they
actually depend on the current language (*note Language Choice::) to
"format" the output properly.

 -- Macro: AC_LANG_CONFTEST (SOURCE)
     Save the SOURCE text in the current test source file:
     `conftest.EXTENSION' where the EXTENSION depends on the current
     language.

     Note that the SOURCE is evaluated exactly once, like regular
     Autoconf macro arguments, and therefore (i) you may pass a macro
     invocation, (ii) if not, be sure to double quote if needed.

 -- Macro: AC_LANG_SOURCE (SOURCE)
     Expands into the SOURCE, with proper definition of the current
     location (e.g., `#line 1234 "configure"' in C), and definition of
     all the `AC_DEFINE' performed so far.

   For instance executing (observe the double quotation!):

     AC_INIT(Autoconf Documentation, 2.56, bug-autoconf@gnu.org)
     AC_DEFINE([HELLO_WORLD], ["Hello, World\n"])
     AC_LANG_CONFTEST(
        [AC_LANG_SOURCE([[const char hw[] = "Hello, World\n";]])])
     gcc -E -dD conftest.c -o -

results in:

     # 1 "conftest.c"
     # 1169 "configure"

     # 1 "confdefs.h" 1

     #define PACKAGE_NAME "Autoconf Documentation"
     #define PACKAGE_TARNAME "autoconf-documentation"
     #define PACKAGE_VERSION "2.56"
     #define PACKAGE_STRING "Autoconf Documentation 2.56"
     #define PACKAGE_BUGREPORT "bug-autoconf@gnu.org"
     #define HELLO_WORLD "Hello, World\n"
     # 1170 "configure" 2

     const char hw[] = "Hello, World\n";

 -- Macro: AC_LANG_PROGRAM (PROLOGUE, BODY)
     Expands into a source file which consists of the PROLOGUE, and
     then BODY as body of the main function (e.g., `main' in C).  Since
     it uses `AC_LANG_SOURCE', the feature of the latter are available.

   For instance:

     AC_INIT(Autoconf Documentation, 2.56, bug-autoconf@gnu.org)
     AC_DEFINE([HELLO_WORLD], ["Hello, World\n"])
     AC_LANG_CONFTEST(
     [AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[const char hw[] = "Hello, World\n";]],
                      [[fputs (hw, stdout);]])])
     gcc -E -dD conftest.c -o -

results in:

     # 1 "conftest.c"
     # 1169 "configure"

     # 1 "confdefs.h" 1

     #define PACKAGE_NAME "Autoconf Documentation"
     #define PACKAGE_TARNAME "autoconf-documentation"
     #define PACKAGE_VERSION "2.56"
     #define PACKAGE_STRING "Autoconf Documentation 2.56"
     #define PACKAGE_BUGREPORT "bug-autoconf@gnu.org"
     #define HELLO_WORLD "Hello, World\n"
     # 1170 "configure" 2

     const char hw[] = "Hello, World\n";
     int
     main ()
     {
     fputs (hw, stdout);
       ;
       return 0;
     }

 -- Macro: AC_LANG_CALL (PROLOGUE, FUNCTION)
     Expands into a source file which consists of the PROLOGUE, and
     then a call to the FUNCTION as body of the main function (e.g.,
     `main' in C).  Since it uses `AC_LANG_PROGRAMS', the feature of
     the latter are available.

     This function will probably be replaced in the feature by a version
     which would enable specifying the arguments.  The use of this
     macro is not encouraged, as it violates strongly the typing system.

 -- Macro: AC_LANG_FUNC_LINK_TRY (FUNCTION)
     Expands into a source file which consists of a pseudo use of the
     FUNCTION as body of the main function (e.g., `main' in C): a
     simple (function pointer) assignment.  Since it uses
     `AC_LANG_PROGRAMS', the feature of the latter are available.

     As `AC_LANG_CALL', this macro is documented only for completeness.
     It is considered to be severely broken, and in the future will be
     removed in favor of actual function calls (with properly typed
     arguments).


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Running the Preprocessor,  Next: Running the Compiler,  Prev: Writing Test Programs,  Up: Writing Tests

6.3 Running the Preprocessor
============================

Sometimes one might need to run the preprocessor on some source file.
_Usually it is a bad idea_, as you typically need to _compile_ your
project, not merely run the preprocessor on it; therefore you certainly
want to run the compiler, not the preprocessor.  Resist to the
temptation of following the easiest path.

   Nevertheless, if you need to run the preprocessor, then use
`AC_PREPROC_IFELSE'.

 -- Macro: AC_PREPROC_IFELSE (INPUT, [ACTION-IF-TRUE],
          [ACTION-IF-FALSE])
     Run the preprocessor of the current language (*note Language
     Choice::) on the INPUT, run the shell commands ACTION-IF-TRUE on
     success, ACTION-IF-FALSE otherwise.  The INPUT can be made by
     `AC_LANG_PROGRAM' and friends.

     This macro uses `CPPFLAGS', but not `CFLAGS', because `-g', `-O',
     etc. are not valid options to many C preprocessors.

     It is customary to report unexpected failures with
     `AC_MSG_FAILURE'.

   For instance:

     AC_INIT(Autoconf Documentation, 2.56, bug-autoconf@gnu.org)
     AC_DEFINE([HELLO_WORLD], ["Hello, World\n"])
     AC_PREPROC_IFELSE(
        [AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[const char hw[] = "Hello, World\n";]],
                         [[fputs (hw, stdout);]])],
        [AC_MSG_RESULT([OK])],
        [AC_MSG_FAILURE([unexpected preprocessor failure])])

results in:

     checking for gcc... gcc
     checking for C compiler default output... a.out
     checking whether the C compiler works... yes
     checking whether we are cross compiling... no
     checking for suffix of executables...
     checking for suffix of object files... o
     checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes
     checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes
     checking for gcc option to accept ANSI C... none needed
     checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E
     OK


   The macro `AC_TRY_CPP' (*note Obsolete Macros::) used to play the
role of `AC_PREPROC_IFELSE', but double quotes its argument, making it
impossible to use it to ellaborate sources.  You are encouraged to get
rid of your old use of the macro `AC_TRY_CPP' in favor of
`AC_PREPROC_IFELSE', but, in the first place, are you sure you need to
run the _preprocessor_ and not the compiler?

 -- Macro: AC_EGREP_HEADER (PATTERN, HEADER-FILE, ACTION-IF-FOUND,
          [ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND])
     If the output of running the preprocessor on the system header file
     HEADER-FILE matches the extended regular expression PATTERN,
     execute shell commands ACTION-IF-FOUND, otherwise execute
     ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND.

 -- Macro: AC_EGREP_CPP (PATTERN, PROGRAM, [ACTION-IF-FOUND],
          [ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND])
     PROGRAM is the text of a C or C++ program, on which shell
     variable, back quote, and backslash substitutions are performed.
     If the output of running the preprocessor on PROGRAM matches the
     extended regular expression PATTERN, execute shell commands
     ACTION-IF-FOUND, otherwise execute ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Running the Compiler,  Next: Running the Linker,  Prev: Running the Preprocessor,  Up: Writing Tests

6.4 Running the Compiler
========================

To check for a syntax feature of the (C, C++, or Fortran 77) compiler,
such as whether it recognizes a certain keyword, or simply to try some
library feature, use `AC_COMPILE_IFELSE' to try to compile a small
program that uses that feature.

 -- Macro: AC_COMPILE_IFELSE (INPUT, [ACTION-IF-FOUND],
          [ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND])
     Run the compiler of the current language (*note Language Choice::)
     on the INPUT, run the shell commands ACTION-IF-TRUE on success,
     ACTION-IF-FALSE otherwise.  The INPUT can be made by
     `AC_LANG_PROGRAM' and friends.

     This macro uses `CFLAGS' or `CXXFLAGS' if either C or C++ is the
     currently selected language, as well as `CPPFLAGS', when
     compiling.  If Fortran 77 is the currently selected language then
     `FFLAGS' will be used when compiling.

     It is customary to report unexpected failures with
     `AC_MSG_FAILURE'.  This macro does not try to link; use
     `AC_LINK_IFELSE' if you need to do that (*note Running the
     Linker::).


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Running the Linker,  Next: Run Time,  Prev: Running the Compiler,  Up: Writing Tests

6.5 Running the Linker
======================

To check for a library, a function, or a global variable, Autoconf
`configure' scripts try to compile and link a small program that uses
it.  This is unlike Metaconfig, which by default uses `nm' or `ar' on
the C library to try to figure out which functions are available.
Trying to link with the function is usually a more reliable approach
because it avoids dealing with the variations in the options and output
formats of `nm' and `ar' and in the location of the standard libraries.
It also allows configuring for cross-compilation or checking a
function's run-time behavior if needed.  On the other hand, it can be
slower than scanning the libraries once, but accuracy is more important
than speed.

   `AC_LINK_IFELSE' is used to compile test programs to test for
functions and global variables.  It is also used by `AC_CHECK_LIB' to
check for libraries (*note Libraries::), by adding the library being
checked for to `LIBS' temporarily and trying to link a small program.

 -- Macro: AC_LINK_IFELSE (INPUT, [ACTION-IF-FOUND],
          [ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND])
     Run the compiler and the linker of the current language (*note
     Language Choice::) on the INPUT, run the shell commands
     ACTION-IF-TRUE on success, ACTION-IF-FALSE otherwise.  The INPUT
     can be made by `AC_LANG_PROGRAM' and friends.

     This macro uses `CFLAGS' or `CXXFLAGS' if either C or C++ is the
     currently selected language, as well as `CPPFLAGS', when
     compiling.  If Fortran 77 is the currently selected language then
     `FFLAGS' will be used when compiling.

     It is customary to report unexpected failures with
     `AC_MSG_FAILURE'.  This macro does not try to execute the program;
     use `AC_RUN_IFELSE' if you need to do that (*note Run Time::).


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Run Time,  Next: Systemology,  Prev: Running the Linker,  Up: Writing Tests

6.6 Checking Run Time Behavior
==============================

Sometimes you need to find out how a system performs at run time, such
as whether a given function has a certain capability or bug.  If you
can, make such checks when your program runs instead of when it is
configured.  You can check for things like the machine's endianness when
your program initializes itself.

   If you really need to test for a run-time behavior while configuring,
you can write a test program to determine the result, and compile and
run it using `AC_RUN_IFELSE'.  Avoid running test programs if possible,
because this prevents people from configuring your package for
cross-compiling.

 -- Macro: AC_RUN_IFELSE (INPUT, [ACTION-IF-FOUND],
          [ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND], [ACTION-IF-CROSS-COMPILING])
     If PROGRAM compiles and links successfully and returns an exit
     status of 0 when executed, run shell commands ACTION-IF-TRUE.
     Otherwise, run shell commands ACTION-IF-FALSE.

     The INPUT can be made by `AC_LANG_PROGRAM' and friends.  This
     macro uses `CFLAGS' or `CXXFLAGS', `CPPFLAGS', `LDFLAGS', and
     `LIBS'

     If the compiler being used does not produce executables that run
     on the system where `configure' is being run, then the test
     program is not run.  If the optional shell commands
     ACTION-IF-CROSS-COMPILING are given, they are run instead.
     Otherwise, `configure' prints an error message and exits.

     In the ACTION-IF-FALSE section, the exit status of the program is
     available in the shell variable `$?', but be very careful to limit
     yourself to positive values smaller than 127; bigger values should
     be saved into a file by the PROGRAM.  Note also that you have
     simply no guarantee that this exit status is issued by the
     PROGRAM, or by the failure of its compilation.  In other words,
     use this feature if sadist only, it was reestablished because the
     Autoconf maintainers grew tired of receiving "bug reports".

     It is customary to report unexpected failures with
     `AC_MSG_FAILURE'.

   Try to provide a pessimistic default value to use when
cross-compiling makes run-time tests impossible.  You do this by
passing the optional last argument to `AC_RUN_IFELSE'.  `autoconf'
prints a warning message when creating `configure' each time it
encounters a call to `AC_RUN_IFELSE' with no ACTION-IF-CROSS-COMPILING
argument given.  You may ignore the warning, though users will not be
able to configure your package for cross-compiling.  A few of the
macros distributed with Autoconf produce this warning message.

   To configure for cross-compiling you can also choose a value for
those parameters based on the canonical system name (*note Manual
Configuration::).  Alternatively, set up a test results cache file with
the correct values for the host system (*note Caching Results::).

   To provide a default for calls of `AC_RUN_IFELSE' that are embedded
in other macros, including a few of the ones that come with Autoconf,
you can test whether the shell variable `cross_compiling' is set to
`yes', and then use an alternate method to get the results instead of
calling the macros.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Systemology,  Next: Multiple Cases,  Prev: Run Time,  Up: Writing Tests

6.7 Systemology
===============

This section aims at presenting some systems and pointers to
documentation.  It may help you addressing particular problems reported
by users.

   The Rosetta Stone for Unix(1) contains a lot of interesting crossed
information on various Unices.

Darwin
     Darwin is also known as Mac OS X.  Beware that the file system
     _can_ be case-preserving, but case insensitive.  This can cause
     nasty problems, since for instance the installation attempt for a
     package having an `INSTALL' file can result in `make install'
     report that nothing was to be done!

     That's all dependent on whether the file system is a UFS (case
     sensitive) or HFS+ (case preserving).  By default Apple wants you
     to install the OS on HFS+.  Unfortunately, there are some pieces of
     software which really need to be built on UFS.  We may want to
     rebuild Darwin to have both UFS and HFS+ available (and put the
     /local/build tree on the UFS).

QNX 4.25
     QNX is a realtime operating system running on Intel architecture
     meant to be scalable from the small embedded systems to the hundred
     processor super-computer.  It claims to be POSIX certified.  More
     information is available on the QNX home page(2), including the QNX
     man pages(3).

Tru64
     The documentation of several versions of Tru64(4) is available in
     different formats.

Unix version 7
     Documentation is available in the V7 Manual(5).

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) Rosetta Stone for Unix, `http://bhami.com/rosetta.html'.

   (2) QNX home page, `www.qnx.com'.

   (3) QNX man pages, `http://support.qnx.com/support/docs/qnx4/'.

   (4) documentation of several versions of Tru64,
`http://www.tru64unix.compaq.com/docs/base_doc/DOCUMENTATION/'.

   (5) V7 Manual, `http://plan9.bell-labs.com/7thEdMan/index.html'.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Multiple Cases,  Prev: Systemology,  Up: Writing Tests

6.8 Multiple Cases
==================

Some operations are accomplished in several possible ways, depending on
the UNIX variant.  Checking for them essentially requires a "case
statement".  Autoconf does not directly provide one; however, it is
easy to simulate by using a shell variable to keep track of whether a
way to perform the operation has been found yet.

   Here is an example that uses the shell variable `fstype' to keep
track of whether the remaining cases need to be checked.

     AC_MSG_CHECKING([how to get file system type])
     fstype=no
     # The order of these tests is important.
     AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[#include <sys/statvfs.h>
     #include <sys/fstyp.h>]])],
                       [AC_DEFINE(FSTYPE_STATVFS) fstype=SVR4])
     if test $fstype = no; then
       AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[#include <sys/statfs.h>
     #include <sys/fstyp.h>]])],
                       [AC_DEFINE(FSTYPE_USG_STATFS) fstype=SVR3])
     fi
     if test $fstype = no; then
       AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[#include <sys/statfs.h>
     #include <sys/vmount.h>]])]),
                       [AC_DEFINE(FSTYPE_AIX_STATFS) fstype=AIX])
     fi
     # (more cases omitted here)
     AC_MSG_RESULT([$fstype])


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Results,  Next: Programming in M4,  Prev: Writing Tests,  Up: Top

7 Results of Tests
******************

Once `configure' has determined whether a feature exists, what can it
do to record that information?  There are four sorts of things it can
do: define a C preprocessor symbol, set a variable in the output files,
save the result in a cache file for future `configure' runs, and print
a message letting the user know the result of the test.

* Menu:

* Defining Symbols::            Defining C preprocessor symbols
* Setting Output Variables::    Replacing variables in output files
* Caching Results::             Speeding up subsequent `configure' runs
* Printing Messages::           Notifying `configure' users


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Defining Symbols,  Next: Setting Output Variables,  Up: Results

7.1 Defining C Preprocessor Symbols
===================================

A common action to take in response to a feature test is to define a C
preprocessor symbol indicating the results of the test.  That is done by
calling `AC_DEFINE' or `AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED'.

   By default, `AC_OUTPUT' places the symbols defined by these macros
into the output variable `DEFS', which contains an option
`-DSYMBOL=VALUE' for each symbol defined.  Unlike in Autoconf version
1, there is no variable `DEFS' defined while `configure' is running.
To check whether Autoconf macros have already defined a certain C
preprocessor symbol, test the value of the appropriate cache variable,
as in this example:

     AC_CHECK_FUNC(vprintf, [AC_DEFINE(HAVE_VPRINTF)])
     if test "$ac_cv_func_vprintf" != yes; then
       AC_CHECK_FUNC(_doprnt, [AC_DEFINE(HAVE_DOPRNT)])
     fi

   If `AC_CONFIG_HEADERS' has been called, then instead of creating
`DEFS', `AC_OUTPUT' creates a header file by substituting the correct
values into `#define' statements in a template file.  *Note
Configuration Headers::, for more information about this kind of output.

 -- Macro: AC_DEFINE (VARIABLE, VALUE, [DESCRIPTION])
 -- Macro: AC_DEFINE (VARIABLE)
     Define the C preprocessor variable VARIABLE to VALUE (verbatim).
     VALUE should not contain literal newlines, and if you are not
     using `AC_CONFIG_HEADERS' it should not contain any `#'
     characters, as `make' tends to eat them.  To use a shell variable
     (which you need to do in order to define a value containing the M4
     quote characters `[' or `]'), use `AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED' instead.
     DESCRIPTION is only useful if you are using `AC_CONFIG_HEADERS'.
     In this case, DESCRIPTION is put into the generated `config.h.in'
     as the comment before the macro define.  The following example
     defines the C preprocessor variable `EQUATION' to be the string
     constant `"$a > $b"':

          AC_DEFINE(EQUATION, "$a > $b")

     If neither VALUE nor DESCRIPTION are given, then VALUE defaults to
     1 instead of to the empty string.  This is for backwards
     compatibility with older versions of Autoconf, but this usage is
     obsolescent and may be withdrawn in future versions of Autoconf.

 -- Macro: AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED (VARIABLE, VALUE, [DESCRIPTION])
 -- Macro: AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED (VARIABLE)
     Like `AC_DEFINE', but three shell expansions are
     performed--once--on VARIABLE and VALUE: variable expansion (`$'),
     command substitution (``'), and backslash escaping (`\').  Single
     and double quote characters in the value have no special meaning.
     Use this macro instead of `AC_DEFINE' when VARIABLE or VALUE is a
     shell variable.  Examples:

          AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(config_machfile, "$machfile")
          AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(GETGROUPS_T, $ac_cv_type_getgroups)
          AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED($ac_tr_hdr)

   Due to a syntactical bizarreness of the Bourne shell, do not use
semicolons to separate `AC_DEFINE' or `AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED' calls from
other macro calls or shell code; that can cause syntax errors in the
resulting `configure' script.  Use either spaces or newlines.  That is,
do this:

     AC_CHECK_HEADER(elf.h, [AC_DEFINE(SVR4) LIBS="$LIBS -lelf"])

or this:

     AC_CHECK_HEADER(elf.h,
      [AC_DEFINE(SVR4)
       LIBS="$LIBS -lelf"])

instead of this:

     AC_CHECK_HEADER(elf.h, [AC_DEFINE(SVR4); LIBS="$LIBS -lelf"])


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Setting Output Variables,  Next: Caching Results,  Prev: Defining Symbols,  Up: Results

7.2 Setting Output Variables
============================

Another way to record the results of tests is to set "output
variables", which are shell variables whose values are substituted into
files that `configure' outputs.  The two macros below create new output
variables.  *Note Preset Output Variables::, for a list of output
variables that are always available.

 -- Macro: AC_SUBST (VARIABLE, [VALUE])
     Create an output variable from a shell variable.  Make `AC_OUTPUT'
     substitute the variable VARIABLE into output files (typically one
     or more `Makefile's).  This means that `AC_OUTPUT' will replace
     instances of `@VARIABLE@' in input files with the value that the
     shell variable VARIABLE has when `AC_OUTPUT' is called.  This
     value of VARIABLE should not contain literal newlines.

     If VALUE is given, in addition assign it to VARIABLE.

 -- Macro: AC_SUBST_FILE (VARIABLE)
     Another way to create an output variable from a shell variable.
     Make `AC_OUTPUT' insert (without substitutions) the contents of
     the file named by shell variable VARIABLE into output files.  This
     means that `AC_OUTPUT' will replace instances of `@VARIABLE@' in
     output files (such as `Makefile.in') with the contents of the file
     that the shell variable VARIABLE names when `AC_OUTPUT' is called.
     Set the variable to `/dev/null' for cases that do not have a file
     to insert.

     This macro is useful for inserting `Makefile' fragments containing
     special dependencies or other `make' directives for particular host
     or target types into `Makefile's.  For example, `configure.ac'
     could contain:

          AC_SUBST_FILE(host_frag)
          host_frag=$srcdir/conf/sun4.mh

     and then a `Makefile.in' could contain:

          @host_frag@

   Running `configure' in varying environments can be extremely
dangerous.  If for instance the user runs `CC=bizarre-cc ./configure',
then the cache, `config.h', and many other output files will depend
upon `bizarre-cc' being the C compiler.  If for some reason the user
runs `./configure' again, or if it is run via `./config.status
--recheck', (*Note Automatic Remaking::, and *note config.status
Invocation::), then the configuration can be inconsistent, composed of
results depending upon two different compilers.

   Environment variables that affect this situation, such as `CC'
above, are called "precious variables", and can be declared as such by
`AC_ARG_VAR'.

 -- Macro: AC_ARG_VAR (VARIABLE, DESCRIPTION)
     Declare VARIABLE is a precious variable, and include its
     DESCRIPTION in the variable section of `./configure --help'.

     Being precious means that
        - VARIABLE is `AC_SUBST''d.

        - The value of VARIABLE when `configure' was launched is saved
          in the cache, including if it was not specified on the command
          line but via the environment.  Indeed, while `configure' can
          notice the definition of `CC' in `./configure CC=bizarre-cc',
          it is impossible to notice it in `CC=bizarre-cc ./configure',
          which, unfortunately, is what most users do.

          We emphasize that it is the _initial_ value of VARIABLE which
          is saved, not that found during the execution of `configure'.
          Indeed, specifying `./configure FOO=foo' and letting
          `./configure' guess that `FOO' is `foo' can be two very
          different runs.

        - VARIABLE is checked for consistency between two `configure'
          runs.  For instance:

               $ ./configure --silent --config-cache
               $ CC=cc ./configure --silent --config-cache
               configure: error: `CC' was not set in the previous run
               configure: error: changes in the environment can compromise \
               the build
               configure: error: run `make distclean' and/or \
               `rm config.cache' and start over

          and similarly if the variable is unset, or if its content is
          changed.

        - VARIABLE is kept during automatic reconfiguration (*note
          config.status Invocation::) as if it had been passed as a
          command line argument, including when no cache is used:

               $ CC=/usr/bin/cc ./configure undeclared_var=raboof --silent
               $ ./config.status --recheck
               running /bin/sh ./configure undeclared_var=raboof --silent \
                 CC=/usr/bin/cc  --no-create --no-recursion


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Caching Results,  Next: Printing Messages,  Prev: Setting Output Variables,  Up: Results

7.3 Caching Results
===================

To avoid checking for the same features repeatedly in various
`configure' scripts (or in repeated runs of one script), `configure'
can optionally save the results of many checks in a "cache file" (*note
Cache Files::).  If a `configure' script runs with caching enabled and
finds a cache file, it reads the results of previous runs from the
cache and avoids rerunning those checks.  As a result, `configure' can
then run much faster than if it had to perform all of the checks every
time.

 -- Macro: AC_CACHE_VAL (CACHE-ID, COMMANDS-TO-SET-IT)
     Ensure that the results of the check identified by CACHE-ID are
     available.  If the results of the check were in the cache file
     that was read, and `configure' was not given the `--quiet' or
     `--silent' option, print a message saying that the result was
     cached; otherwise, run the shell commands COMMANDS-TO-SET-IT.  If
     the shell commands are run to determine the value, the value will
     be saved in the cache file just before `configure' creates its
     output files.  *Note Cache Variable Names::, for how to choose the
     name of the CACHE-ID variable.

     The COMMANDS-TO-SET-IT _must have no side effects_ except for
     setting the variable CACHE-ID, see below.

 -- Macro: AC_CACHE_CHECK (MESSAGE, CACHE-ID, COMMANDS-TO-SET-IT)
     A wrapper for `AC_CACHE_VAL' that takes care of printing the
     messages.  This macro provides a convenient shorthand for the most
     common way to use these macros.  It calls `AC_MSG_CHECKING' for
     MESSAGE, then `AC_CACHE_VAL' with the CACHE-ID and COMMANDS
     arguments, and `AC_MSG_RESULT' with CACHE-ID.

     The COMMANDS-TO-SET-IT _must have no side effects_ except for
     setting the variable CACHE-ID, see below.

   It is very common to find buggy macros using `AC_CACHE_VAL' or
`AC_CACHE_CHECK', because people are tempted to call `AC_DEFINE' in the
COMMANDS-TO-SET-IT.  Instead, the code that _follows_ the call to
`AC_CACHE_VAL' should call `AC_DEFINE', by examining the value of the
cache variable.  For instance, the following macro is broken:

     AC_DEFUN([AC_SHELL_TRUE],
     [AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether true(1) works], [ac_cv_shell_true_works],
                     [ac_cv_shell_true_works=no
                      true && ac_cv_shell_true_works=yes
                      if test $ac_cv_shell_true_works = yes; then
                        AC_DEFINE([TRUE_WORKS], 1
                                  [Define if `true(1)' works properly.])
                      fi])
     ])

This fails if the cache is enabled: the second time this macro is run,
`TRUE_WORKS' _will not be defined_.  The proper implementation is:

     AC_DEFUN([AC_SHELL_TRUE],
     [AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether true(1) works], [ac_cv_shell_true_works],
                     [ac_cv_shell_true_works=no
                      true && ac_cv_shell_true_works=yes])
      if test $ac_cv_shell_true_works = yes; then
        AC_DEFINE([TRUE_WORKS], 1
                  [Define if `true(1)' works properly.])
      fi
     ])

   Also, COMMANDS-TO-SET-IT should not print any messages, for example
with `AC_MSG_CHECKING'; do that before calling `AC_CACHE_VAL', so the
messages are printed regardless of whether the results of the check are
retrieved from the cache or determined by running the shell commands.

* Menu:

* Cache Variable Names::        Shell variables used in caches
* Cache Files::                 Files `configure' uses for caching
* Cache Checkpointing::         Loading and saving the cache file


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Cache Variable Names,  Next: Cache Files,  Up: Caching Results

7.3.1 Cache Variable Names
--------------------------

The names of cache variables should have the following format:

     PACKAGE-PREFIX_cv_VALUE-TYPE_SPECIFIC-VALUE_[ADDITIONAL-OPTIONS]

for example, `ac_cv_header_stat_broken' or
`ac_cv_prog_gcc_traditional'.  The parts of the variable name are:

PACKAGE-PREFIX
     An abbreviation for your package or organization; the same prefix
     you begin local Autoconf macros with, except lowercase by
     convention.  For cache values used by the distributed Autoconf
     macros, this value is `ac'.

`_cv_'
     Indicates that this shell variable is a cache value.  This string
     _must_ be present in the variable name, including the leading
     underscore.

VALUE-TYPE
     A convention for classifying cache values, to produce a rational
     naming system.  The values used in Autoconf are listed in *Note
     Macro Names::.

SPECIFIC-VALUE
     Which member of the class of cache values this test applies to.
     For example, which function (`alloca'), program (`gcc'), or output
     variable (`INSTALL').

ADDITIONAL-OPTIONS
     Any particular behavior of the specific member that this test
     applies to.  For example, `broken' or `set'.  This part of the
     name may be omitted if it does not apply.

   The values assigned to cache variables may not contain newlines.
Usually, their values will be Boolean (`yes' or `no') or the names of
files or functions; so this is not an important restriction.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Cache Files,  Next: Cache Checkpointing,  Prev: Cache Variable Names,  Up: Caching Results

7.3.2 Cache Files
-----------------

A cache file is a shell script that caches the results of configure
tests run on one system so they can be shared between configure scripts
and configure runs.  It is not useful on other systems.  If its contents
are invalid for some reason, the user may delete or edit it.

   By default, `configure' uses no cache file (technically, it uses
`--cache-file=/dev/null'), to avoid problems caused by accidental use
of stale cache files.

   To enable caching, `configure' accepts `--config-cache' (or `-C') to
cache results in the file `config.cache'.  Alternatively,
`--cache-file=FILE' specifies that FILE be the cache file.  The cache
file is created if it does not exist already.  When `configure' calls
`configure' scripts in subdirectories, it uses the `--cache-file'
argument so that they share the same cache.  *Note Subdirectories::,
for information on configuring subdirectories with the
`AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS' macro.

   `config.status' only pays attention to the cache file if it is given
the `--recheck' option, which makes it rerun `configure'.

   It is wrong to try to distribute cache files for particular system
types.  There is too much room for error in doing that, and too much
administrative overhead in maintaining them.  For any features that
can't be guessed automatically, use the standard method of the canonical
system type and linking files (*note Manual Configuration::).

   The site initialization script can specify a site-wide cache file to
use, instead of the usual per-program cache.  In this case, the cache
file will gradually accumulate information whenever someone runs a new
`configure' script.  (Running `configure' merges the new cache results
with the existing cache file.)  This may cause problems, however, if
the system configuration (e.g., the installed libraries or compilers)
changes and the stale cache file is not deleted.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Cache Checkpointing,  Prev: Cache Files,  Up: Caching Results

7.3.3 Cache Checkpointing
-------------------------

If your configure script, or a macro called from `configure.ac', happens
to abort the configure process, it may be useful to checkpoint the cache
a few times at key points using `AC_CACHE_SAVE'.  Doing so will reduce
the amount of time it takes to re-run the configure script with
(hopefully) the error that caused the previous abort corrected.

 -- Macro: AC_CACHE_LOAD
     Loads values from existing cache file, or creates a new cache file
     if a cache file is not found.  Called automatically from `AC_INIT'.

 -- Macro: AC_CACHE_SAVE
     Flushes all cached values to the cache file.  Called automatically
     from `AC_OUTPUT', but it can be quite useful to call
     `AC_CACHE_SAVE' at key points in `configure.ac'.

   For instance:

      ... AC_INIT, etc. ...
     # Checks for programs.
     AC_PROG_CC
     AC_PROG_GCC_TRADITIONAL
      ... more program checks ...
     AC_CACHE_SAVE

     # Checks for libraries.
     AC_CHECK_LIB(nsl, gethostbyname)
     AC_CHECK_LIB(socket, connect)
      ... more lib checks ...
     AC_CACHE_SAVE

     # Might abort...
     AM_PATH_GTK(1.0.2,, [AC_MSG_ERROR([GTK not in path])])
     AM_PATH_GTKMM(0.9.5,, [AC_MSG_ERROR([GTK not in path])])
      ... AC_OUTPUT, etc. ...


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Printing Messages,  Prev: Caching Results,  Up: Results

7.4 Printing Messages
=====================

`configure' scripts need to give users running them several kinds of
information.  The following macros print messages in ways appropriate
for each kind.  The arguments to all of them get enclosed in shell
double quotes, so the shell performs variable and back-quote
substitution on them.

   These macros are all wrappers around the `echo' shell command.
`configure' scripts should rarely need to run `echo' directly to print
messages for the user.  Using these macros makes it easy to change how
and when each kind of message is printed; such changes need only be
made to the macro definitions and all of the callers will change
automatically.

   To diagnose static issues, i.e., when `autoconf' is run, see *Note
Reporting Messages::.

 -- Macro: AC_MSG_CHECKING (FEATURE-DESCRIPTION)
     Notify the user that `configure' is checking for a particular
     feature.  This macro prints a message that starts with `checking '
     and ends with `...' and no newline.  It must be followed by a call
     to `AC_MSG_RESULT' to print the result of the check and the
     newline.  The FEATURE-DESCRIPTION should be something like
     `whether the Fortran compiler accepts C++ comments' or `for c89'.

     This macro prints nothing if `configure' is run with the `--quiet'
     or `--silent' option.

 -- Macro: AC_MSG_RESULT (RESULT-DESCRIPTION)
     Notify the user of the results of a check.  RESULT-DESCRIPTION is
     almost always the value of the cache variable for the check,
     typically `yes', `no', or a file name.  This macro should follow a
     call to `AC_MSG_CHECKING', and the RESULT-DESCRIPTION should be
     the completion of the message printed by the call to
     `AC_MSG_CHECKING'.

     This macro prints nothing if `configure' is run with the `--quiet'
     or `--silent' option.

 -- Macro: AC_MSG_NOTICE (MESSAGE)
     Deliver the MESSAGE to the user.  It is useful mainly to print a
     general description of the overall purpose of a group of feature
     checks, e.g.,

          AC_MSG_NOTICE([checking if stack overflow is detectable])

     This macro prints nothing if `configure' is run with the `--quiet'
     or `--silent' option.

 -- Macro: AC_MSG_ERROR (ERROR-DESCRIPTION, [EXIT-STATUS])
     Notify the user of an error that prevents `configure' from
     completing.  This macro prints an error message to the standard
     error output and exits `configure' with EXIT-STATUS (1 by default).
     ERROR-DESCRIPTION should be something like `invalid value $HOME
     for \$HOME'.

     The ERROR-DESCRIPTION should start with a lower-case letter, and
     "cannot" is preferred to "can't".

 -- Macro: AC_MSG_FAILURE (ERROR-DESCRIPTION, [EXIT-STATUS])
     This `AC_MSG_ERROR' wrapper notifies the user of an error that
     prevents `configure' from completing _and_ that additional details
     are provided in `config.log'.  This is typically used when
     abnormal results are found during a compilation.

 -- Macro: AC_MSG_WARN (PROBLEM-DESCRIPTION)
     Notify the `configure' user of a possible problem.  This macro
     prints the message to the standard error output; `configure'
     continues running afterward, so macros that call `AC_MSG_WARN'
     should provide a default (back-up) behavior for the situations
     they warn about.  PROBLEM-DESCRIPTION should be something like `ln
     -s seems to make hard links'.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Programming in M4,  Next: Writing Autoconf Macros,  Prev: Results,  Up: Top

8 Programming in M4
*******************

Autoconf is written on top of two layers: "M4sugar", which provides
convenient macros for pure M4 programming, and "M4sh", which provides
macros dedicated to shell script generation.

   As of this version of Autoconf, these two layers are still
experimental, and their interface might change in the future.  As a
matter of fact, _anything that is not documented must not be used_.

* Menu:

* M4 Quotation::                Protecting macros from unwanted expansion
* Using autom4te::              The Autoconf executables backbone
* Programming in M4sugar::      Convenient pure M4 macros
* Programming in M4sh::         Common shell Constructs


File: autoconf.info,  Node: M4 Quotation,  Next: Using autom4te,  Up: Programming in M4

8.1 M4 Quotation
================

The most common problem with existing macros is an improper quotation.
This section, which users of Autoconf can skip, but which macro writers
_must_ read, first justifies the quotation scheme that was chosen for
Autoconf and then ends with a rule of thumb.  Understanding the former
helps one to follow the latter.

* Menu:

* Active Characters::           Characters that change the behavior of M4
* One Macro Call::              Quotation and one macro call
* Quotation and Nested Macros::  Macros calling macros
* Changequote is Evil::         Worse than INTERCAL: M4 + changequote
* Quadrigraphs::                Another way to escape special characters
* Quotation Rule Of Thumb::     One parenthesis, one quote


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Active Characters,  Next: One Macro Call,  Up: M4 Quotation

8.1.1 Active Characters
-----------------------

To fully understand where proper quotation is important, you first need
to know what the special characters are in Autoconf: `#' introduces a
comment inside which no macro expansion is performed, `,' separates
arguments, `[' and `]' are the quotes themselves, and finally `(' and
`)' (which M4 tries to match by pairs).

   In order to understand the delicate case of macro calls, we first
have to present some obvious failures.  Below they are "obvious-ified",
but when you find them in real life, they are usually in disguise.

   Comments, introduced by a hash and running up to the newline, are
opaque tokens to the top level: active characters are turned off, and
there is no macro expansion:

     # define([def], ine)
     =># define([def], ine)

   Each time there can be a macro expansion, there is a quotation
expansion, i.e., one level of quotes is stripped:

     int tab[10];
     =>int tab10;
     [int tab[10];]
     =>int tab[10];

   Without this in mind, the reader will try hopelessly to use her macro
`array':

     define([array], [int tab[10];])
     array
     =>int tab10;
     [array]
     =>array

How can you correctly output the intended results(1)?

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) Using `defn'.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: One Macro Call,  Next: Quotation and Nested Macros,  Prev: Active Characters,  Up: M4 Quotation

8.1.2 One Macro Call
--------------------

Let's proceed on the interaction between active characters and macros
with this small macro, which just returns its first argument:

     define([car], [$1])

The two pairs of quotes above are not part of the arguments of
`define'; rather, they are understood by the top level when it tries to
find the arguments of `define'.  Therefore, it is equivalent to write:

     define(car, $1)

But, while it is acceptable for a `configure.ac' to avoid unnecessary
quotes, it is bad practice for Autoconf macros which must both be more
robust and also advocate perfect style.

   At the top level, there are only two possibilities: either you quote
or you don't:

     car(foo, bar, baz)
     =>foo
     [car(foo, bar, baz)]
     =>car(foo, bar, baz)

   Let's pay attention to the special characters:

     car(#)
     error-->EOF in argument list

   The closing parenthesis is hidden in the comment; with a hypothetical
quoting, the top level understood it this way:

     car([#)]

Proper quotation, of course, fixes the problem:

     car([#])
     =>#

   The reader will easily understand the following examples:

     car(foo, bar)
     =>foo
     car([foo, bar])
     =>foo, bar
     car((foo, bar))
     =>(foo, bar)
     car([(foo], [bar)])
     =>(foo
     car([], [])
     =>
     car([[]], [[]])
     =>[]

   With this in mind, we can explore the cases where macros invoke
macros....


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Quotation and Nested Macros,  Next: Changequote is Evil,  Prev: One Macro Call,  Up: M4 Quotation

8.1.3 Quotation and Nested Macros
---------------------------------

The examples below use the following macros:

     define([car], [$1])
     define([active], [ACT, IVE])
     define([array], [int tab[10]])

   Each additional embedded macro call introduces other possible
interesting quotations:

     car(active)
     =>ACT
     car([active])
     =>ACT, IVE
     car([[active]])
     =>active

   In the first case, the top level looks for the arguments of `car',
and finds `active'.  Because M4 evaluates its arguments before applying
the macro, `active' is expanded, which results in:

     car(ACT, IVE)
     =>ACT

In the second case, the top level gives `active' as first and only
argument of `car', which results in:

     active
     =>ACT, IVE

i.e., the argument is evaluated _after_ the macro that invokes it.  In
the third case, `car' receives `[active]', which results in:

     [active]
     =>active

exactly as we already saw above.

   The example above, applied to a more realistic example, gives:

     car(int tab[10];)
     =>int tab10;
     car([int tab[10];])
     =>int tab10;
     car([[int tab[10];]])
     =>int tab[10];

Huh?  The first case is easily understood, but why is the second wrong,
and the third right?  To understand that, you must know that after M4
expands a macro, the resulting text is immediately subjected to macro
expansion and quote removal.  This means that the quote removal occurs
twice--first before the argument is passed to the `car' macro, and
second after the `car' macro expands to the first argument.

   As the author of the Autoconf macro `car', you then consider it to
be incorrect that your users have to double-quote the arguments of
`car', so you "fix" your macro.  Let's call it `qar' for quoted car:

     define([qar], [[$1]])

and check that `qar' is properly fixed:

     qar([int tab[10];])
     =>int tab[10];

Ahhh!  That's much better.

   But note what you've done: now that the arguments are literal
strings, if the user wants to use the results of expansions as
arguments, she has to use an _unquoted_ macro call:

     qar(active)
     =>ACT

where she wanted to reproduce what she used to do with `car':

     car([active])
     =>ACT, IVE

Worse yet: she wants to use a macro that produces a set of `cpp' macros:

     define([my_includes], [#include <stdio.h>])
     car([my_includes])
     =>#include <stdio.h>
     qar(my_includes)
     error-->EOF in argument list

   This macro, `qar', because it double quotes its arguments, forces
its users to leave their macro calls unquoted, which is dangerous.
Commas and other active symbols are interpreted by M4 before they are
given to the macro, often not in the way the users expect.  Also,
because `qar' behaves differently from the other macros, it's an
exception that should be avoided in Autoconf.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Changequote is Evil,  Next: Quadrigraphs,  Prev: Quotation and Nested Macros,  Up: M4 Quotation

8.1.4 `changequote' is Evil
---------------------------

The temptation is often high to bypass proper quotation, in particular
when it's late at night.  Then, many experienced Autoconf hackers
finally surrender to the dark side of the force and use the ultimate
weapon: `changequote'.

   The M4 builtin `changequote' belongs to a set of primitives that
allow one to adjust the syntax of the language to adjust it to one's
needs.  For instance, by default M4 uses ``' and `'' as quotes, but in
the context of shell programming (and actually of most programming
languages), that's about the worst choice one can make: because of
strings and back-quoted expressions in shell code (such as `'this'' and
``that`'), because of literal characters in usual programming languages
(as in `'0''), there are many unbalanced ``' and `''.  Proper M4
quotation then becomes a nightmare, if not impossible.  In order to
make M4 useful in such a context, its designers have equipped it with
`changequote', which makes it possible to choose another pair of
quotes.  M4sugar, M4sh, Autoconf, and Autotest all have chosen to use
`[' and `]'.  Not especially because they are unlikely characters, but
_because they are characters unlikely to be unbalanced_.

   There are other magic primitives, such as `changecom' to specify
what syntactic forms are comments (it is common to see `changecom(<!--,
-->)' when M4 is used to produce HTML pages), `changeword' and
`changesyntax' to change other syntactic details (such as the character
to denote the n-th argument, `$' by default, the parenthesis around
arguments etc.).

   These primitives are really meant to make M4 more useful for specific
domains: they should be considered like command line options:
`--quotes', `--comments', `--words', and `--syntax'.  Nevertheless,
they are implemented as M4 builtins, as it makes M4 libraries self
contained (no need for additional options).

   There lies the problem....


   The problem is that it is then tempting to use them in the middle of
an M4 script, as opposed to its initialization.  This, if not carefully
thought out, can lead to disastrous effects: _you are changing the
language in the middle of the execution_.  Changing and restoring the
syntax is often not enough: if you happened to invoke macros in between,
these macros will be lost, as the current syntax will probably not be
the one they were implemented with.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Quadrigraphs,  Next: Quotation Rule Of Thumb,  Prev: Changequote is Evil,  Up: M4 Quotation

8.1.5 Quadrigraphs
------------------

When writing an Autoconf macro you may occasionally need to generate
special characters that are difficult to express with the standard
Autoconf quoting rules.  For example, you may need to output the regular
expression `[^[]', which matches any character other than `['.  This
expression contains unbalanced brackets so it cannot be put easily into
an M4 macro.

   You can work around this problem by using one of the following
"quadrigraphs":

`@<:@'
     `['

`@:>@'
     `]'

`@S|@'
     `$'

`@%:@'
     `#'

`@&t@'
     Expands to nothing.

   Quadrigraphs are replaced at a late stage of the translation process,
after `m4' is run, so they do not get in the way of M4 quoting.  For
example, the string `^@<:@', independently of its quotation, will
appear as `^[' in the output.

   The empty quadrigraph can be used:

   - to mark trailing spaces explicitly

     Trailing spaces are smashed by `autom4te'.  This is a feature.

   - to produce other quadrigraphs

     For instance `@<@&t@:@' produces `@<:@'.

   - to escape _occurrences_ of forbidden patterns

     For instance you might want to mention `AC_FOO' in a comment, while
     still being sure that `autom4te' will still catch unexpanded
     `AC_*'.  Then write `AC@&t@_FOO'.

   The name `@&t@' was suggested by Paul Eggert:

     I should give some credit to the `@&t@' pun.  The `&' is my own
     invention, but the `t' came from the source code of the ALGOL68C
     compiler, written by Steve Bourne (of Bourne shell fame), and
     which used `mt' to denote the empty string.  In C, it would have
     looked like something like:

          char const mt[] = "";

     but of course the source code was written in Algol 68.

     I don't know where he got `mt' from: it could have been his own
     invention, and I suppose it could have been a common pun around the
     Cambridge University computer lab at the time.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Quotation Rule Of Thumb,  Prev: Quadrigraphs,  Up: M4 Quotation

8.1.6 Quotation Rule Of Thumb
-----------------------------

To conclude, the quotation rule of thumb is:

             _One pair of quotes per pair of parentheses._

   Never over-quote, never under-quote, in particular in the definition
of macros.  In the few places where the macros need to use brackets
(usually in C program text or regular expressions), properly quote _the
arguments_!

   It is common to read Autoconf programs with snippets like:

     AC_TRY_LINK(
     changequote(<<, >>)dnl
     <<#include <time.h>
     #ifndef tzname /* For SGI.  */
     extern char *tzname[]; /* RS6000 and others reject char **tzname.  */
     #endif>>,
     changequote([, ])dnl
     [atoi (*tzname);], ac_cv_var_tzname=yes, ac_cv_var_tzname=no)

which is incredibly useless since `AC_TRY_LINK' is _already_ double
quoting, so you just need:

     AC_TRY_LINK(
     [#include <time.h>
     #ifndef tzname /* For SGI.  */
     extern char *tzname[]; /* RS6000 and others reject char **tzname.  */
     #endif],
                 [atoi (*tzname);],
                 [ac_cv_var_tzname=yes],
                 [ac_cv_var_tzname=no])

The M4-fluent reader will note that these two examples are rigorously
equivalent, since M4 swallows both the `changequote(<<, >>)' and `<<'
`>>' when it "collects" the arguments: these quotes are not part of the
arguments!

   Simplified, the example above is just doing this:

     changequote(<<, >>)dnl
     <<[]>>
     changequote([, ])dnl

instead of simply:

     [[]]

   With macros that do not double quote their arguments (which is the
rule), double-quote the (risky) literals:

     AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM(
     [[#include <time.h>
     #ifndef tzname /* For SGI.  */
     extern char *tzname[]; /* RS6000 and others reject char **tzname.  */
     #endif]],
                                     [atoi (*tzname);])],
                    [ac_cv_var_tzname=yes],
                    [ac_cv_var_tzname=no])

   *Note Quadrigraphs::, for what to do if you run into a hopeless case
where quoting does not suffice.

   When you create a `configure' script using newly written macros,
examine it carefully to check whether you need to add more quotes in
your macros.  If one or more words have disappeared in the M4 output,
you need more quotes.  When in doubt, quote.

   However, it's also possible to put on too many layers of quotes.  If
this happens, the resulting `configure' script will contain unexpanded
macros.  The `autoconf' program checks for this problem by doing `grep
AC_ configure'.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Using autom4te,  Next: Programming in M4sugar,  Prev: M4 Quotation,  Up: Programming in M4

8.2 Using `autom4te'
====================

The Autoconf suite, including M4sugar, M4sh, and Autotest, in addition
to Autoconf per se, heavily rely on M4.  All these different uses
revealed common needs factored into a layer over `m4': `autom4te'(1).

   `autom4te' should basically considered as a replacement of `m4'
itself.

* Menu:

* autom4te Invocation::         A GNU M4 wrapper
* Customizing autom4te::        Customizing the Autoconf package

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) Yet another great name from Lars J. Aas.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: autom4te Invocation,  Next: Customizing autom4te,  Up: Using autom4te

8.2.1 Invoking `autom4te'
-------------------------

The command line arguments are modeled after M4's:

     autom4te OPTIONS FILES

where the FILES are directly passed to `m4'.  In addition to the
regular expansion, it handles the replacement of the quadrigraphs
(*note Quadrigraphs::), and of `__oline__', the current line in the
output.  It supports an extended syntax for the FILES:

`FILE.m4f'
     This file is an M4 frozen file.  Note that _all the previous files
     are ignored_.  See the option `--melt' for the rationale.

`FILE?'
     If found in the library path, the FILE is included for expansion,
     otherwise it is ignored instead of triggering a failure.


   Of course, it supports the Autoconf common subset of options:

`--help'
`-h'
     Print a summary of the command line options and exit.

`--version'
`-V'
     Print the version number of Autoconf and exit.

`--verbose'
`-v'
     Report processing steps.

`--debug'
`-d'
     Don't remove the temporary files and be even more verbose.

`--include=DIR'
`-I DIR'
     Also look for input files in DIR.  Multiple invocations accumulate.

`--output=FILE'
`-o FILE'
     Save output (script or trace) to FILE.  The file `-' stands for
     the standard output.


   As an extension of `m4', it includes the following options:

`--warnings=CATEGORY'
`-W CATEGORY'
     Report the warnings related to CATEGORY (which can actually be a
     comma separated list).  *Note Reporting Messages::, macro
     `AC_DIAGNOSE', for a comprehensive list of categories.  Special
     values include:

    `all'
          report all the warnings

    `none'
          report none

    `error'
          treats warnings as errors

    `no-CATEGORY'
          disable warnings falling into CATEGORY

     Warnings about `syntax' are enabled by default, and the environment
     variable `WARNINGS', a comma separated list of categories, is
     honored.  `autom4te -W CATEGORY' will actually behave as if you
     had run:

          autom4te --warnings=syntax,$WARNINGS,CATEGORY

     If you want to disable `autom4te''s defaults and `WARNINGS', but
     (for example) enable the warnings about obsolete constructs, you
     would use `-W none,obsolete'.

     `autom4te' displays a back trace for errors, but not for warnings;
     if you want them, just pass `-W error'.  For instance, on this
     `configure.ac':

          AC_DEFUN([INNER],
          [AC_RUN_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([exit (0)])])])

          AC_DEFUN([OUTER],
          [INNER])

          AC_INIT
          OUTER

     you get:

          $ autom4te -l autoconf -Wcross
          configure.ac:8: warning: AC_RUN_IFELSE called without default \
          to allow cross compiling
          $ autom4te -l autoconf -Wcross,error -f
          configure.ac:8: error: AC_RUN_IFELSE called without default \
          to allow cross compiling
          acgeneral.m4:3044: AC_RUN_IFELSE is expanded from...
          configure.ac:2: INNER is expanded from...
          configure.ac:5: OUTER is expanded from...
          configure.ac:8: the top level

`--melt'
`-m'
     Do not use frozen files.  Any argument `FILE.m4f' will be replaced
     with `FILE.m4'.  This helps tracing the macros which are executed
     only when the files are frozen, typically `m4_define'.  For
     instance, running:

          autom4te --melt 1.m4 2.m4f 3.m4 4.m4f input.m4

     is roughly equivalent to running:

          m4 1.m4 2.m4 3.m4 4.m4 input.m4

     while

          autom4te 1.m4 2.m4f 3.m4 4.m4f input.m4

     is equivalent to:

          m4 --reload-state=4.m4f input.m4

`--freeze'
`-f'
     Produce a frozen state file.  `autom4te' freezing is stricter than
     M4's: it must produce no warnings, and no output other than empty
     lines (a line with whitespace is _not_ empty) and comments
     (starting with `#').  Please, note that contrary to `m4', this
     options takes no argument:

          autom4te 1.m4 2.m4 3.m4 --freeze --output=3.m4f

     corresponds to

          m4 1.m4 2.m4 3.m4 --freeze-state=3.m4f

`--mode=OCTAL-MODE'
`-m OCTAL-MODE'
     Set the mode of the non-traces output to OCTAL-MODE; by default
     `0666'.


   As another additional feature over `m4', `autom4te' caches its
results.  GNU M4 is able to produce a regular output and traces at the
same time.  Traces are heavily used in the GNU Build System:
`autoheader' uses them to build `config.h.in', `autoreconf' to
determine what GNU Build System components are used, `automake' to
"parse" `configure.ac' etc.  To save the long runs of `m4', traces are
cached while performing regular expansion, and conversely.  This cache
is (actually, the caches are) stored in the directory `autom4te.cache'.
_It can safely be removed_ at any moment (especially if for some
reason `autom4te' considers it is trashed).

`--cache=DIRECTORY'
`-C DIRECTORY'
     Specify the name of the directory where the result should be
     cached.  Passing an empty value disables caching.  Be sure to pass
     a relative path name, as for the time being, global caches are not
     supported.

`--no-cache'
     Don't cache the results.

`--force'
`-f'
     If a cache is used, consider it obsolete (but update it anyway).


   Because traces are so important to the GNU Build System, `autom4te'
provides high level tracing features as compared to M4, and helps
exploiting the cache:

`--trace=MACRO[:FORMAT]'
`-t MACRO[:FORMAT]'
     Trace the invocations of MACRO according to the FORMAT.  Multiple
     `--trace' arguments can be used to list several macros.  Multiple
     `--trace' arguments for a single macro are not cumulative;
     instead, you should just make FORMAT as long as needed.

     The FORMAT is a regular string, with newlines if desired, and
     several special escape codes.  It defaults to `$f:$l:$n:$%'.  It
     can use the following special escapes:

    `$$'
          The character `$'.

    `$f'
          The filename from which MACRO is called.

    `$l'
          The line number from which MACRO is called.

    `$d'
          The depth of the MACRO call.  This is an M4 technical detail
          that you probably don't want to know about.

    `$n'
          The name of the MACRO.

    `$NUM'
          The NUMth argument of the call to MACRO.

    `$@'
    `$SEP@'
    `${SEPARATOR}@'
          All the arguments passed to MACRO, separated by the character
          SEP or the string SEPARATOR (`,' by default).  Each argument
          is quoted, i.e., enclosed in a pair of square brackets.

    `$*'
    `$SEP*'
    `${SEPARATOR}*'
          As above, but the arguments are not quoted.

    `$%'
    `$SEP%'
    `${SEPARATOR}%'
          As above, but the arguments are not quoted, all new line
          characters in the arguments are smashed, and the default
          separator is `:'.

          The escape `$%' produces single-line trace outputs (unless
          you put newlines in the `separator'), while `$@' and `$*' do
          not.

     *Note autoconf Invocation::, for examples of trace uses.

`--preselect=MACRO'
`-p MACRO'
     Cache the traces of MACRO, but do not enable traces.  This is
     especially important to save CPU cycles in the future.  For
     instance, when invoked, `autoconf' preselects all the macros that
     `autoheader', `automake', `autoreconf' etc. will trace, so that
     running `m4' is not needed to trace them: the cache suffices.
     This results in a huge speed-up.


   Finally, `autom4te' introduces the concept of "Autom4te libraries".
They consists in a powerful yet extremely simple feature: sets of
combined command line arguments:

`--language=LANGUAGE'
`-l =LANGUAGE'
     Use the LANGUAGE Autom4te library.  Current languages include:

    `M4sugar'
          create M4sugar output.

    `M4sh'
          create M4sh executable shell scripts.

    `Autotest'
          create Autotest executable test suites.

    `Autoconf'
          create Autoconf executable configure scripts.

`--prepend-include=DIR'

`-B DIR'
     Prepend directory DIR to the search path.  This is used to include
     the language-specific files before any third-party macros.


   As an example, if Autoconf is installed in its default location,
`/usr/local', running `autom4te -l m4sugar foo.m4' is strictly
equivalent to running `autom4te --prepend-include
/usr/local/share/autoconf m4sugar/m4sugar.m4f --warnings syntax foo.m4'.
Recursive expansion applies: running `autom4te -l m4sh foo.m4' is the
same as `autom4te --language M4sugar m4sugar/m4sh.m4f foo.m4', i.e.,
`autom4te --prepend-include /usr/local/share/autoconf
m4sugar/m4sugar.m4f m4sugar/m4sh.m4f --mode 777 foo.m4'.  The definition
of the languages is stored in `autom4te.cfg'.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Customizing autom4te,  Prev: autom4te Invocation,  Up: Using autom4te

8.2.2 Customizing `autom4te'
----------------------------

One can customize `autom4te' via `~/.autom4te.cfg' (i.e., as found in
the user home directory), and `./.autom4te.cfg' (i.e., as found in the
directory from which `autom4te' is run).  The order is first reading
`autom4te.cfg', then `~/.autom4te.cfg', then `./.autom4te.cfg', and
finally the command line arguments.

   In these text files, comments are introduced with `#', and empty
lines are ignored.  Customization is performed on a per-language basis,
wrapped in between a `begin-language: "LANGUAGE"', `end-language:
"LANGUAGE"' pair.

   Customizing a language stands for appending options (*note autom4te
Invocation::) to the current definition of the language.  Options, and
more generally arguments, are introduced by `args: ARGUMENTS'.  You may
use the traditional shell syntax to quote the ARGUMENTS.

   As an example, to disable Autoconf caches (`autom4te.cache')
globally, include the following lines in `~/.autom4te.cfg':


## ------------------ ##
## User Preferences.  ##
## ------------------ ##

begin-language: "Autoconf"
args: --no-cache
end-language: "Autoconf"


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Programming in M4sugar,  Next: Programming in M4sh,  Prev: Using autom4te,  Up: Programming in M4

8.3 Programming in M4sugar
==========================

M4 by itself provides only a small, but sufficient, set of all-purpose
macros.  M4sugar introduces additional generic macros.  Its name was
coined by Lars J. Aas: "Readability And Greater Understanding Stands 4
M4sugar".

* Menu:

* Redefined M4 Macros::         M4 builtins changed in M4sugar
* Evaluation Macros::           More quotation and evaluation control
* Forbidden Patterns::          Catching unexpanded macros


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Redefined M4 Macros,  Next: Evaluation Macros,  Up: Programming in M4sugar

8.3.1 Redefined M4 Macros
-------------------------

With a few exceptions, all the M4 native macros are moved in the `m4_'
pseudo-namespace, e.g., M4sugar renames `define' as `m4_define' etc.

   Some M4 macros are redefined, and are slightly incompatible with
their native equivalent.

 -- Macro: dnl
     This macro kept its original name: no `m4_dnl' is defined.

 -- Macro: m4_defn (MACRO)
     Contrary to the M4 builtin, this macro fails if MACRO is not
     defined.  See `m4_undefine'.

 -- Macro: m4_exit (EXIT-STATUS)
     This macro corresponds to `m4exit'.

 -- Macro: m4_if (COMMENT)
 -- Macro: m4_if (STRING-1, STRING-2, EQUAL, [NOT-EQUAL])
 -- Macro: m4_if (STRING-1, STRING-2, EQUAL, ...)
     This macro corresponds to `ifelse'.

 -- Macro: m4_undefine (MACRO)
     Contrary to the M4 builtin, this macro fails if MACRO is not
     defined.  Use

          m4_ifdef([MACRO], [m4_undefine([MACRO])])

     to recover the behavior of the builtin.

 -- Macro: m4_bpatsubst (STRING, REGEXP, [REPLACEMENT])
     This macro corresponds to `patsubst'.  The name `m4_patsubst' is
     kept for future versions of M4sh, on top of GNU M4 which will
     provide extended regular expression syntax via `epatsubst'.

 -- Macro: m4_popdef (MACRO)
     Contrary to the M4 builtin, this macro fails if MACRO is not
     defined.  See `m4_undefine'.

 -- Macro: m4_bregexp (STRING, REGEXP, [REPLACEMENT])
     This macro corresponds to `regexp'.  The name `m4_regexp' is kept
     for future versions of M4sh, on top of GNU M4 which will provide
     extended regular expression syntax via `eregexp'.

 -- Macro: m4_wrap (TEXT)
     This macro corresponds to `m4wrap'.

     You are encouraged to end TEXT with `[]', so that there are no
     risks that two consecutive invocations of `m4_wrap' result in an
     unexpected pasting of tokens, as in

          m4_define([foo], [Foo])
          m4_define([bar], [Bar])
          m4_define([foobar], [FOOBAR])
          m4_wrap([bar])
          m4_wrap([foo])
          =>FOOBAR


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Evaluation Macros,  Next: Forbidden Patterns,  Prev: Redefined M4 Macros,  Up: Programming in M4sugar

8.3.2 Evaluation Macros
-----------------------

The following macros give some control over the order of the evaluation
by adding or removing levels of quotes.  They are meant for hard-core M4
programmers.

 -- Macro: m4_dquote (ARG1, ...)
     Return the arguments as a quoted list of quoted arguments.

 -- Macro: m4_quote (ARG1, ...)
     Return the arguments as a single entity, i.e., wrap them into a
     pair of quotes.

   The following example aims at emphasizing the difference between
(i), not using these macros, (ii), using `m4_quote', and (iii), using
`m4_dquote'.

     $ cat example.m4
     # Overquote, so that quotes are visible.
     m4_define([show], [$[]1 = [$1], $[]@ = [$@]])
     m4_divert(0)dnl
     show(a, b)
     show(m4_quote(a, b))
     show(m4_dquote(a, b))
     $ autom4te -l m4sugar example.m4
     $1 = a, $@ = [a],[b]
     $1 = a,b, $@ = [a,b]
     $1 = [a],[b], $@ = [[a],[b]]


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Forbidden Patterns,  Prev: Evaluation Macros,  Up: Programming in M4sugar

8.3.3 Forbidden Patterns
------------------------

M4sugar provides a means to define suspicious patterns, patterns
describing tokens which should not be found in the output.  For
instance, if an Autoconf `configure' script includes tokens such as
`AC_DEFINE', or `dnl', then most probably something went wrong
(typically a macro was not evaluated because of overquotation).

   M4sugar forbids all the tokens matching `^m4_' and `^dnl$'.

 -- Macro: m4_pattern_forbid (PATTERN)
     Declare that no token matching PATTERN must be found in the output.
     Comments are not checked; this can be a problem if, for instance,
     you have some macro left unexpanded after an `#include'.  No
     consensus is currently found in the Autoconf community, as some
     people consider it should be valid to name macros in comments
     (which doesn't makes sense to the author of this documentation, as
     `#'-comments should document the output, not the input, documented
     by `dnl' comments).

   Of course, you might encounter exceptions to these generic rules, for
instance you might have to refer to `$m4_flags'.

 -- Macro: m4_pattern_allow (PATTERN)
     Any token matching PATTERN is allowed, including if it matches an
     `m4_pattern_forbid' pattern.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Programming in M4sh,  Prev: Programming in M4sugar,  Up: Programming in M4

8.4 Programming in M4sh
=======================

M4sh, pronounced "mash", is aiming at producing portable Bourne shell
scripts.  This name was coined by Lars J. Aas, who notes that,
according to the Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913):

     Mash \Mash\, n.  [Akin to G. meisch, maisch, meische, maische,
     mash, wash, and prob. to AS. miscian to mix.  See "Mix".]

       1. A mass of mixed ingredients reduced to a soft pulpy state by
          beating or pressure....

       2. A mixture of meal or bran and water fed to animals.

       3. A mess; trouble.  [Obs.] -Beau. & Fl.

   For the time being, it is not mature enough to be widely used.

   M4sh provides portable alternatives for some common shell constructs
that unfortunately are not portable in practice.

 -- Macro: AS_DIRNAME (PATHNAME)
     Return the directory portion of PATHNAME, using the algorithm
     required by POSIX.  *Note Limitations of Usual Tools::, for more
     details about what this returns and why it is more portable than
     the `dirname' command.

 -- Macro: AS_MKDIR_P (FILENAME)
     Make the directory FILENAME, including intervening directories as
     necessary.  This is equivalent to `mkdir -p FILENAME', except that
     it is portable to older versions of `mkdir' that lack support for
     the `-p' option.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Writing Autoconf Macros,  Next: Portable Shell,  Prev: Programming in M4,  Up: Top

9 Writing Autoconf Macros
*************************

When you write a feature test that could be applicable to more than one
software package, the best thing to do is encapsulate it in a new macro.
Here are some instructions and guidelines for writing Autoconf macros.

* Menu:

* Macro Definitions::           Basic format of an Autoconf macro
* Macro Names::                 What to call your new macros
* Reporting Messages::          Notifying `autoconf' users
* Dependencies Between Macros::  What to do when macros depend on other macros
* Obsoleting Macros::           Warning about old ways of doing things
* Coding Style::                Writing Autoconf macros a` la Autoconf


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Macro Definitions,  Next: Macro Names,  Up: Writing Autoconf Macros

9.1 Macro Definitions
=====================

Autoconf macros are defined using the `AC_DEFUN' macro, which is
similar to the M4 builtin `m4_define' macro.  In addition to defining a
macro, `AC_DEFUN' adds to it some code that is used to constrain the
order in which macros are called (*note Prerequisite Macros::).

   An Autoconf macro definition looks like this:

     AC_DEFUN(MACRO-NAME, MACRO-BODY)

   You can refer to any arguments passed to the macro as `$1', `$2',
etc.  *Note How to define new macros: (m4.info)Definitions, for more
complete information on writing M4 macros.

   Be sure to properly quote both the MACRO-BODY _and_ the MACRO-NAME
to avoid any problems if the macro happens to have been previously
defined.

   Each macro should have a header comment that gives its prototype,
and a brief description.  When arguments have default values, display
them in the prototype.  For example:

     # AC_MSG_ERROR(ERROR, [EXIT-STATUS = 1])
     # --------------------------------------
     m4_define([AC_MSG_ERROR],
     [{ _AC_ECHO([configure: error: $1], 2); exit m4_default([$2], 1); }])

   Comments about the macro should be left in the header comment.  Most
other comments will make their way into `configure', so just keep using
`#' to introduce comments.

   If you have some very special comments about pure M4 code, comments
that make no sense in `configure' and in the header comment, then use
the builtin `dnl': it causes M4 to discard the text through the next
newline.

   Keep in mind that `dnl' is rarely needed to introduce comments;
`dnl' is more useful to get rid of the newlines following macros that
produce no output, such as `AC_REQUIRE'.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Macro Names,  Next: Reporting Messages,  Prev: Macro Definitions,  Up: Writing Autoconf Macros

9.2 Macro Names
===============

All of the Autoconf macros have all-uppercase names starting with `AC_'
to prevent them from accidentally conflicting with other text.  All
shell variables that they use for internal purposes have
mostly-lowercase names starting with `ac_'.  To ensure that your macros
don't conflict with present or future Autoconf macros, you should
prefix your own macro names and any shell variables they use with some
other sequence.  Possibilities include your initials, or an abbreviation
for the name of your organization or software package.

   Most of the Autoconf macros' names follow a structured naming
convention that indicates the kind of feature check by the name.  The
macro names consist of several words, separated by underscores, going
from most general to most specific.  The names of their cache variables
use the same convention (*note Cache Variable Names::, for more
information on them).

   The first word of the name after `AC_' usually tells the category of
the feature being tested.  Here are the categories used in Autoconf for
specific test macros, the kind of macro that you are more likely to
write.  They are also used for cache variables, in all-lowercase.  Use
them where applicable; where they're not, invent your own categories.

`C'
     C language builtin features.

`DECL'
     Declarations of C variables in header files.

`FUNC'
     Functions in libraries.

`GROUP'
     UNIX group owners of files.

`HEADER'
     Header files.

`LIB'
     C libraries.

`PATH'
     The full path names to files, including programs.

`PROG'
     The base names of programs.

`MEMBER'
     Members of aggregates.

`SYS'
     Operating system features.

`TYPE'
     C builtin or declared types.

`VAR'
     C variables in libraries.

   After the category comes the name of the particular feature being
tested.  Any further words in the macro name indicate particular aspects
of the feature.  For example, `AC_FUNC_UTIME_NULL' checks the behavior
of the `utime' function when called with a `NULL' pointer.

   An internal macro should have a name that starts with an underscore;
Autoconf internals should therefore start with `_AC_'.  Additionally, a
macro that is an internal subroutine of another macro should have a
name that starts with an underscore and the name of that other macro,
followed by one or more words saying what the internal macro does.  For
example, `AC_PATH_X' has internal macros `_AC_PATH_X_XMKMF' and
`_AC_PATH_X_DIRECT'.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Reporting Messages,  Next: Dependencies Between Macros,  Prev: Macro Names,  Up: Writing Autoconf Macros

9.3 Reporting Messages
======================

When macros statically diagnose abnormal situations, benign or fatal,
they should report them using these macros.  For dynamic issues, i.e.,
when `configure' is run, see *Note Printing Messages::.

 -- Macro: AC_DIAGNOSE (CATEGORY, MESSAGE)
     Report MESSAGE as a warning (or as an error if requested by the
     user) if warnings of the CATEGORY are turned on.  You are
     encouraged to use standard categories, which currently include:

    `all'
          messages that don't fall into one of the following
          categories.  Use of an empty CATEGORY is equivalent.

    `cross'
          related to cross compilation issues.

    `obsolete'
          use of an obsolete construct.

    `syntax'
          dubious syntactic constructs, incorrectly ordered macro calls.

 -- Macro: AC_WARNING (MESSAGE)
     Equivalent to `AC_DIAGNOSE([syntax], MESSAGE)', but you are
     strongly encouraged to use a finer grained category.

 -- Macro: AC_FATAL (MESSAGE)
     Report a severe error MESSAGE, and have `autoconf' die.

   When the user runs `autoconf -W error', warnings from `AC_DIAGNOSE'
and `AC_WARNING' are reported as error, see *Note autoconf Invocation::.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Dependencies Between Macros,  Next: Obsoleting Macros,  Prev: Reporting Messages,  Up: Writing Autoconf Macros

9.4 Dependencies Between Macros
===============================

Some Autoconf macros depend on other macros having been called first in
order to work correctly.  Autoconf provides a way to ensure that certain
macros are called if needed and a way to warn the user if macros are
called in an order that might cause incorrect operation.

* Menu:

* Prerequisite Macros::         Ensuring required information
* Suggested Ordering::          Warning about possible ordering problems


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Prerequisite Macros,  Next: Suggested Ordering,  Up: Dependencies Between Macros

9.4.1 Prerequisite Macros
-------------------------

A macro that you write might need to use values that have previously
been computed by other macros.  For example, `AC_DECL_YYTEXT' examines
the output of `flex' or `lex', so it depends on `AC_PROG_LEX' having
been called first to set the shell variable `LEX'.

   Rather than forcing the user of the macros to keep track of the
dependencies between them, you can use the `AC_REQUIRE' macro to do it
automatically.  `AC_REQUIRE' can ensure that a macro is only called if
it is needed, and only called once.

 -- Macro: AC_REQUIRE (MACRO-NAME)
     If the M4 macro MACRO-NAME has not already been called, call it
     (without any arguments).  Make sure to quote MACRO-NAME with
     square brackets.  MACRO-NAME must have been defined using
     `AC_DEFUN' or else contain a call to `AC_PROVIDE' to indicate that
     it has been called.

     `AC_REQUIRE' must be used inside an `AC_DEFUN''d macro; it must
     not be called from the top level.

   `AC_REQUIRE' is often misunderstood.  It really implements
dependencies between macros in the sense that if one macro depends upon
another, the latter will be expanded _before_ the body of the former.
In particular, `AC_REQUIRE(FOO)' is not replaced with the body of
`FOO'.  For instance, this definition of macros:

     AC_DEFUN([TRAVOLTA],
     [test "$body_temperature_in_celsius" -gt "38" &&
       dance_floor=occupied])
     AC_DEFUN([NEWTON_JOHN],
     [test "$hair_style" = "curly" &&
       dance_floor=occupied])

     AC_DEFUN([RESERVE_DANCE_FLOOR],
     [if date | grep '^Sat.*pm' >/dev/null 2>&1; then
       AC_REQUIRE([TRAVOLTA])
       AC_REQUIRE([NEWTON_JOHN])
     fi])

with this `configure.ac'

     AC_INIT
     RESERVE_DANCE_FLOOR
     if test "$dance_floor" = occupied; then
       AC_MSG_ERROR([cannot pick up here, let's move])
     fi

will not leave you with a better chance to meet a kindred soul at other
times than Saturday night since it expands into:

     test "$body_temperature_in_Celsius" -gt "38" &&
       dance_floor=occupied
     test "$hair_style" = "curly" &&
       dance_floor=occupied
     fi
     if date | grep '^Sat.*pm' >/dev/null 2>&1; then


     fi

   This behavior was chosen on purpose: (i) it prevents messages in
required macros from interrupting the messages in the requiring macros;
(ii) it avoids bad surprises when shell conditionals are used, as in:

     if ...; then
       AC_REQUIRE([SOME_CHECK])
     fi
     ...
     SOME_CHECK

   You are encouraged to put all `AC_REQUIRE's at the beginning of a
macro.  You can use `dnl' to avoid the empty lines they leave.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Suggested Ordering,  Prev: Prerequisite Macros,  Up: Dependencies Between Macros

9.4.2 Suggested Ordering
------------------------

Some macros should be run before another macro if both are called, but
neither _requires_ that the other be called.  For example, a macro that
changes the behavior of the C compiler should be called before any
macros that run the C compiler.  Many of these dependencies are noted in
the documentation.

   Autoconf provides the `AC_BEFORE' macro to warn users when macros
with this kind of dependency appear out of order in a `configure.ac'
file.  The warning occurs when creating `configure' from
`configure.ac', not when running `configure'.

   For example, `AC_PROG_CPP' checks whether the C compiler can run the
C preprocessor when given the `-E' option.  It should therefore be
called after any macros that change which C compiler is being used,
such as `AC_PROG_CC'.  So `AC_PROG_CC' contains:

     AC_BEFORE([$0], [AC_PROG_CPP])dnl

This warns the user if a call to `AC_PROG_CPP' has already occurred
when `AC_PROG_CC' is called.

 -- Macro: AC_BEFORE (THIS-MACRO-NAME, CALLED-MACRO-NAME)
     Make M4 print a warning message to the standard error output if
     CALLED-MACRO-NAME has already been called.  THIS-MACRO-NAME should
     be the name of the macro that is calling `AC_BEFORE'.  The macro
     CALLED-MACRO-NAME must have been defined using `AC_DEFUN' or else
     contain a call to `AC_PROVIDE' to indicate that it has been called.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Obsoleting Macros,  Next: Coding Style,  Prev: Dependencies Between Macros,  Up: Writing Autoconf Macros

9.5 Obsoleting Macros
=====================

Configuration and portability technology has evolved over the years.
Often better ways of solving a particular problem are developed, or
ad-hoc approaches are systematized.  This process has occurred in many
parts of Autoconf.  One result is that some of the macros are now
considered "obsolete"; they still work, but are no longer considered
the best thing to do, hence they should be replaced with more modern
macros.  Ideally, `autoupdate' should replace the old macro calls with
their modern implementation.

   Autoconf provides a simple means to obsolete a macro.

 -- Macro: AU_DEFUN (OLD-MACRO, IMPLEMENTATION, [MESSAGE])
     Define OLD-MACRO as IMPLEMENTATION.  The only difference with
     `AC_DEFUN' is that the user will be warned that OLD-MACRO is now
     obsolete.

     If she then uses `autoupdate', the call to OLD-MACRO will be
     replaced by the modern IMPLEMENTATION.  The additional MESSAGE is
     then printed.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Coding Style,  Prev: Obsoleting Macros,  Up: Writing Autoconf Macros

9.6 Coding Style
================

The Autoconf macros follow a strict coding style.  You are encouraged to
follow this style, especially if you intend to distribute your macro,
either by contributing it to Autoconf itself, or via other means.

   The first requirement is to pay great attention to the quotation.
For more details, see *Note Autoconf Language::, and *Note M4
Quotation::.

   Do not try to invent new interfaces.  It is likely that there is a
macro in Autoconf that resembles the macro you are defining: try to
stick to this existing interface (order of arguments, default values,
etc.).  We _are_ conscious that some of these interfaces are not
perfect; nevertheless, when harmless, homogeneity should be preferred
over creativity.

   Be careful about clashes both between M4 symbols and between shell
variables.

   If you stick to the suggested M4 naming scheme (*note Macro Names::),
you are unlikely to generate conflicts.  Nevertheless, when you need to
set a special value, _avoid using a regular macro name_; rather, use an
"impossible" name.  For instance, up to version 2.13, the macro
`AC_SUBST' used to remember what SYMBOLs were already defined by
setting `AC_SUBST_SYMBOL', which is a regular macro name.  But since
there is a macro named `AC_SUBST_FILE', it was just impossible to
`AC_SUBST(FILE)'!  In this case, `AC_SUBST(SYMBOL)' or
`_AC_SUBST(SYMBOL)' should have been used (yes, with the
parentheses)...or better yet, high-level macros such as
`AC_EXPAND_ONCE'.

   No Autoconf macro should ever enter the user-variable name space;
i.e., except for the variables that are the actual result of running the
macro, all shell variables should start with `ac_'.  In addition, small
macros or any macro that is likely to be embedded in other macros
should be careful not to use obvious names.

   Do not use `dnl' to introduce comments: most of the comments you are
likely to write are either header comments which are not output anyway,
or comments that should make their way into `configure'.  There are
exceptional cases where you do want to comment special M4 constructs,
in which case `dnl' is right, but keep in mind that it is unlikely.

   M4 ignores the leading spaces before each argument, use this feature
to indent in such a way that arguments are (more or less) aligned with
the opening parenthesis of the macro being called.  For instance,
instead of

     AC_CACHE_CHECK(for EMX OS/2 environment,
     ac_cv_emxos2,
     [AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM(, [return __EMX__;])],
     [ac_cv_emxos2=yes], [ac_cv_emxos2=no])])

write

     AC_CACHE_CHECK([for EMX OS/2 environment], [ac_cv_emxos2],
     [AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([], [return __EMX__;])],
                        [ac_cv_emxos2=yes],
                        [ac_cv_emxos2=no])])

or even

     AC_CACHE_CHECK([for EMX OS/2 environment],
                    [ac_cv_emxos2],
                    [AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([],
                                                        [return __EMX__;])],
                                       [ac_cv_emxos2=yes],
                                       [ac_cv_emxos2=no])])

   When using `AC_RUN_IFELSE' or any macro that cannot work when
cross-compiling, provide a pessimistic value (typically `no').

   Feel free to use various tricks to prevent auxiliary tools, such as
syntax-highlighting editors, from behaving improperly.  For instance,
instead of:

     m4_bpatsubst([$1], [$"])

use

     m4_bpatsubst([$1], [$""])

so that Emacsen do not open an endless "string" at the first quote.
For the same reasons, avoid:

     test $[#] != 0

and use:

     test $[@%:@] != 0

Otherwise, the closing bracket would be hidden inside a `#'-comment,
breaking the bracket-matching highlighting from Emacsen.  Note the
preferred style to escape from M4: `$[1]', `$[@]', etc.  Do not escape
when it is unnecessary.  Common examples of useless quotation are
`[$]$1' (write `$$1'), `[$]var' (use `$var'), etc.  If you add
portability issues to the picture, you'll prefer `${1+"$[@]"}' to
`"[$]@"', and you'll prefer do something better than hacking Autoconf
`:-)'.

   When using `sed', don't use `-e' except for indenting purpose.  With
the `s' command, the preferred separator is `/' unless `/' itself is
used in the command, in which case you should use `,'.

   *Note Macro Definitions::, for details on how to define a macro.  If
a macro doesn't use `AC_REQUIRE' and it is expected to never be the
object of an `AC_REQUIRE' directive, then use `m4_define'.  In case of
doubt, use `AC_DEFUN'.  All the `AC_REQUIRE' statements should be at
the beginning of the macro, `dnl''ed.

   You should not rely on the number of arguments: instead of checking
whether an argument is missing, test that it is not empty.  It provides
both a simpler and a more predictable interface to the user, and saves
room for further arguments.

   Unless the macro is short, try to leave the closing `])' at the
beginning of a line, followed by a comment that repeats the name of the
macro being defined.  This introduces an additional newline in
`configure'; normally, that is not a problem, but if you want to remove
it you can use `[]dnl' on the last line.  You can similarly use `[]dnl'
after a macro call to remove its newline.  `[]dnl' is recommended
instead of `dnl' to ensure that M4 does not interpret the `dnl' as
being attached to the preceding text or macro output.  For example,
instead of:

     AC_DEFUN([AC_PATH_X],
     [AC_MSG_CHECKING([for X])
     AC_REQUIRE_CPP()
     # ...omitted...
       AC_MSG_RESULT([libraries $x_libraries, headers $x_includes])
     fi])

you would write:

     AC_DEFUN([AC_PATH_X],
     [AC_REQUIRE_CPP()[]dnl
     AC_MSG_CHECKING([for X])
     # ...omitted...
       AC_MSG_RESULT([libraries $x_libraries, headers $x_includes])
     fi[]dnl
     ])# AC_PATH_X

   If the macro is long, try to split it into logical chunks.
Typically, macros that check for a bug in a function and prepare its
`AC_LIBOBJ' replacement should have an auxiliary macro to perform this
setup.  Do not hesitate to introduce auxiliary macros to factor your
code.

   In order to highlight the recommended coding style, here is a macro
written the old way:

     dnl Check for EMX on OS/2.
     dnl _AC_EMXOS2
     AC_DEFUN(_AC_EMXOS2,
     [AC_CACHE_CHECK(for EMX OS/2 environment, ac_cv_emxos2,
     [AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM(, return __EMX__;)],
     ac_cv_emxos2=yes, ac_cv_emxos2=no)])
     test "$ac_cv_emxos2" = yes && EMXOS2=yes])

and the new way:

     # _AC_EMXOS2
     # ----------
     # Check for EMX on OS/2.
     m4_define([_AC_EMXOS2],
     [AC_CACHE_CHECK([for EMX OS/2 environment], [ac_cv_emxos2],
     [AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([], [return __EMX__;])],
                        [ac_cv_emxos2=yes],
                        [ac_cv_emxos2=no])])
     test "$ac_cv_emxos2" = yes && EMXOS2=yes[]dnl
     ])# _AC_EMXOS2


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Portable Shell,  Next: Manual Configuration,  Prev: Writing Autoconf Macros,  Up: Top

10 Portable Shell Programming
*****************************

When writing your own checks, there are some shell-script programming
techniques you should avoid in order to make your code portable.  The
Bourne shell and upward-compatible shells like the Korn shell and Bash
have evolved over the years, but to prevent trouble, do not take
advantage of features that were added after UNIX version 7, circa 1977
(*note Systemology::).

   You should not use shell functions, aliases, negated character
classes, or other features that are not found in all Bourne-compatible
shells; restrict yourself to the lowest common denominator.  Even
`unset' is not supported by all shells!  Also, include a space after
the exclamation point in interpreter specifications, like this:

     #! /usr/bin/perl

If you omit the space before the path, then 4.2BSD based systems (such
as DYNIX) will ignore the line, because they interpret `#! /' as a
4-byte magic number.  Some old systems have quite small limits on the
length of the `#!' line too, for instance 32 bytes (not including the
newline) on SunOS 4.

   The set of external programs you should run in a `configure' script
is fairly small.  *Note Utilities in Makefiles: (standards)Utilities in
Makefiles, for the list.  This restriction allows users to start out
with a fairly small set of programs and build the rest, avoiding too
many interdependencies between packages.

   Some of these external utilities have a portable subset of features;
see *Note Limitations of Usual Tools::.

   There are other sources of documentation about shells.  See for
instance the Shell FAQs(1).

* Menu:

* Shellology::                  A zoology of shells
* Here-Documents::              Quirks and tricks
* File Descriptors::            FDs and redirections
* File System Conventions::     File- and pathnames
* Shell Substitutions::         Variable and command expansions
* Assignments::                 Varying side effects of assignments
* Special Shell Variables::     Variables you should not change
* Limitations of Builtins::     Portable use of not so portable /bin/sh
* Limitations of Usual Tools::  Portable use of portable tools
* Limitations of Make::         Portable Makefiles

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) the Shell FAQs, `http://www.faqs.org/faqs/unix-faq/shell/'.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Shellology,  Next: Here-Documents,  Up: Portable Shell

10.1 Shellology
===============

There are several families of shells, most prominently the Bourne family
and the C shell family which are deeply incompatible.  If you want to
write portable shell scripts, avoid members of the C shell family.  The
the Shell difference FAQ(1) includes a small history of Unix shells,
and a comparison between several of them.

   Below we describe some of the members of the Bourne shell family.

Ash
     `ash' is often used on GNU/Linux and BSD systems as a light-weight
     Bourne-compatible shell.  Ash 0.2 has some bugs that are fixed in
     the 0.3.x series, but portable shell scripts should work around
     them, since version 0.2 is still shipped with many GNU/Linux
     distributions.

     To be compatible with Ash 0.2:

        - don't use `$?' after expanding empty or unset variables:

               foo=
               false
               $foo
               echo "Don't use it: $?"

        - don't use command substitution within variable expansion:

               cat ${FOO=`bar`}

        - beware that single builtin substitutions are not performed by
          a subshell, hence their effect applies to the current shell!
          *Note Shell Substitutions::, item "Command Substitution".

Bash
     To detect whether you are running `bash', test if `BASH_VERSION'
     is set.  To disable its extensions and require POSIX
     compatibility, run `set -o posix'.  *Note Bash POSIX Mode:
     (bash)Bash POSIX Mode, for details.

Bash 2.05 and later
     Versions 2.05 and later of `bash' use a different format for the
     output of the `set' builtin, designed to make evaluating its
     output easier.  However, this output is not compatible with earlier
     versions of `bash' (or with many other shells, probably).  So if
     you use `bash' 2.05 or higher to execute `configure', you'll need
     to use `bash' 2.05 for all other build tasks as well.

`/usr/xpg4/bin/sh' on Solaris
     The POSIX-compliant Bourne shell on a Solaris system is
     `/usr/xpg4/bin/sh' and is part of an extra optional package.
     There is no extra charge for this package, but it is also not part
     of a minimal OS install and therefore some folks may not have it.

Zsh
     To detect whether you are running `zsh', test if `ZSH_VERSION' is
     set.  By default `zsh' is _not_ compatible with the Bourne shell:
     you have to run `emulate sh' and set `NULLCMD' to `:'.  *Note
     Compatibility: (zsh)Compatibility, for details.

     Zsh 3.0.8 is the native `/bin/sh' on Mac OS X 10.0.3.

   The following discussion between Russ Allbery and Robert Lipe is
worth reading:

Russ Allbery:

     The GNU assumption that `/bin/sh' is the one and only shell leads
     to a permanent deadlock.  Vendors don't want to break users'
     existing shell scripts, and there are some corner cases in the
     Bourne shell that are not completely compatible with a POSIX
     shell.  Thus, vendors who have taken this route will _never_
     (OK..."never say never") replace the Bourne shell (as `/bin/sh')
     with a POSIX shell.

Robert Lipe:

     This is exactly the problem.  While most (at least most System
     V's) do have a Bourne shell that accepts shell functions most
     vendor `/bin/sh' programs are not the POSIX shell.

     So while most modern systems do have a shell _somewhere_ that
     meets the POSIX standard, the challenge is to find it.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) the Shell difference FAQ,
`http://www.faqs.org/faqs/unix-faq/shell/shell-differences/'.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Here-Documents,  Next: File Descriptors,  Prev: Shellology,  Up: Portable Shell

10.2 Here-Documents
===================

Don't rely on `\' being preserved just because it has no special
meaning together with the next symbol.  In the native `/bin/sh' on
OpenBSD 2.7 `\"' expands to `"' in here-documents with unquoted
delimiter.  As a general rule, if `\\' expands to `\' use `\\' to get
`\'.

   With OpenBSD 2.7's `/bin/sh'

     $ cat <<EOF
     > \" \\
     > EOF
     " \

and with Bash:

     bash-2.04$ cat <<EOF
     > \" \\
     > EOF
     \" \

   Many older shells (including the Bourne shell) implement
here-documents inefficiently.  And some shells mishandle large
here-documents: for example, Solaris 8 `dtksh', which is derived from
`ksh' M-12/28/93d, mishandles variable expansion that occurs on
1024-byte buffer boundaries within a here-document.  Users can
generally fix these problems by using a faster or more reliable shell,
e.g., by using the command `bash ./configure' rather than plain
`./configure'.

   Some shells can be extremely inefficient when there are a lot of
here-documents inside a single statement.  For instance if your
`configure.ac' includes something like:

     if <cross_compiling>; then
       assume this and that
     else
       check this
       check that
       check something else
       ...
       on and on forever
       ...
     fi

   A shell parses the whole `if'/`fi' construct, creating temporary
files for each here document in it.  Some shells create links for such
here-documents on every `fork', so that the clean-up code they had
installed correctly removes them.  It is creating the links that can
take the shell forever.

   Moving the tests out of the `if'/`fi', or creating multiple
`if'/`fi' constructs, would improve the performance significantly.
Anyway, this kind of construct is not exactly the typical use of
Autoconf.  In fact, it's even not recommended, because M4 macros can't
look into shell conditionals, so we may fail to expand a macro when it
was expanded before in a conditional path, and the condition turned out
to be false at run-time, and we end up not executing the macro at all.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: File Descriptors,  Next: File System Conventions,  Prev: Here-Documents,  Up: Portable Shell

10.3 File Descriptors
=====================

Some file descriptors shall not be used, since some systems, admittedly
arcane, use them for special purpose:

     3 -- some systems may open it to `/dev/tty'.
     4 -- used on the Kubota Titan.

   Don't redirect the same file descriptor several times, as you are
doomed to failure under Ultrix.

     ULTRIX V4.4 (Rev. 69) System #31: Thu Aug 10 19:42:23 GMT 1995
     UWS V4.4 (Rev. 11)
     $ eval 'echo matter >fullness' >void
     illegal io
     $ eval '(echo matter >fullness)' >void
     illegal io
     $ (eval '(echo matter >fullness)') >void
     Ambiguous output redirect.

In each case the expected result is of course `fullness' containing
`matter' and `void' being empty.

   Don't try to redirect the standard error of a command substitution:
it must be done _inside_ the command substitution: when running `: `cd
/zorglub` 2>/dev/null' expect the error message to escape, while `: `cd
/zorglub 2>/dev/null`' works properly.

   It is worth noting that Zsh (but not Ash nor Bash) makes it possible
in assignments though: `foo=`cd /zorglub` 2>/dev/null'.

   Most shells, if not all (including Bash, Zsh, Ash), output traces on
stderr, even for sub-shells.  This might result in undesirable content
if you meant to capture the standard-error output of the inner command:

     $ ash -x -c '(eval "echo foo >&2") 2>stderr'
     $ cat stderr
     + eval echo foo >&2
     + echo foo
     foo
     $ bash -x -c '(eval "echo foo >&2") 2>stderr'
     $ cat stderr
     + eval 'echo foo >&2'
     ++ echo foo
     foo
     $ zsh -x -c '(eval "echo foo >&2") 2>stderr'
     # Traces on startup files deleted here.
     $ cat stderr
     +zsh:1> eval echo foo >&2
     +zsh:1> echo foo
     foo

You'll appreciate the various levels of detail....

   One workaround is to grep out uninteresting lines, hoping not to
remove good ones....

   Don't try to move/delete open files, such as in `exec >foo; mv foo
bar'; see *Note Limitations of Builtins::, `mv' for more details.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: File System Conventions,  Next: Shell Substitutions,  Prev: File Descriptors,  Up: Portable Shell

10.4 File System Conventions
============================

While `autoconf' and friends will usually be run on some Unix variety,
it can and will be used on other systems, most notably DOS variants.
This impacts several assumptions regarding file and path names.

For example, the following code:

     case $foo_dir in
       /*) # Absolute
          ;;
       *)
          foo_dir=$dots$foo_dir ;;
     esac

will fail to properly detect absolute paths on those systems, because
they can use a drivespec, and will usually use a backslash as directory
separator.  The canonical way to check for absolute paths is:

     case $foo_dir in
       [\\/]* | ?:[\\/]* ) # Absolute
          ;;
       *)
          foo_dir=$dots$foo_dir ;;
     esac

Make sure you quote the brackets if appropriate and keep the backslash
as first character (*note Limitations of Builtins::).

   Also, because the colon is used as part of a drivespec, these
systems don't use it as path separator.  When creating or accessing
paths, use the `PATH_SEPARATOR' output variable instead.  `configure'
sets this to the appropriate value (`:' or `;') when it starts up.

   File names need extra care as well.  While DOS-based environments
that are Unixy enough to run `autoconf' (such as DJGPP) will usually be
able to handle long file names properly, there are still limitations
that can seriously break packages.  Several of these issues can be
easily detected by the doschk(1) package.

   A short overview follows; problems are marked with SFN/LFN to
indicate where they apply: SFN means the issues are only relevant to
plain DOS, not to DOS boxes under Windows, while LFN identifies
problems that exist even under Windows.

No multiple dots (SFN)
     DOS cannot handle multiple dots in filenames.  This is an
     especially important thing to remember when building a portable
     configure script, as `autoconf' uses a .in suffix for template
     files.

     This is perfectly OK on Unices:

          AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([config.h])
          AC_CONFIG_FILES([source.c foo.bar])
          AC_OUTPUT

     but it causes problems on DOS, as it requires `config.h.in',
     `source.c.in' and `foo.bar.in'.  To make your package more portable
     to DOS-based environments, you should use this instead:

          AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([config.h:config.hin])
          AC_CONFIG_FILES([source.c:source.cin foo.bar:foobar.in])
          AC_OUTPUT

No leading dot (SFN)
     DOS cannot handle filenames that start with a dot.  This is usually
     not a very important issue for `autoconf'.

Case insensitivity (LFN)
     DOS is case insensitive, so you cannot, for example, have both a
     file called `INSTALL' and a directory called `install'.  This also
     affects `make'; if there's a file called `INSTALL' in the
     directory, `make install' will do nothing (unless the `install'
     target is marked as PHONY).

The 8+3 limit (SFN)
     Because the DOS file system only stores the first 8 characters of
     the filename and the first 3 of the extension, those must be
     unique.  That means that `foobar-part1.c', `foobar-part2.c' and
     `foobar-prettybird.c' all resolve to the same filename
     (`FOOBAR-P.C').  The same goes for `foo.bar' and `foo.bartender'.

     Note: This is not usually a problem under Windows, as it uses
     numeric tails in the short version of filenames to make them
     unique.  However, a registry setting can turn this behavior off.
     While this makes it possible to share file trees containing long
     file names between SFN and LFN environments, it also means the
     above problem applies there as well.

Invalid characters
     Some characters are invalid in DOS filenames, and should therefore
     be avoided.  In a LFN environment, these are `/', `\', `?', `*',
     `:', `<', `>', `|' and `"'.  In a SFN environment, other
     characters are also invalid.  These include `+', `,', `[' and `]'.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) doschk, `ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/non-gnu/doschk/doschk-1.1.tar.gz'.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Shell Substitutions,  Next: Assignments,  Prev: File System Conventions,  Up: Portable Shell

10.5 Shell Substitutions
========================

Contrary to a persistent urban legend, the Bourne shell does not
systematically split variables and back-quoted expressions, in
particular on the right-hand side of assignments and in the argument of
`case'.  For instance, the following code:

     case "$given_srcdir" in
     .)  top_srcdir="`echo "$dots" | sed 's,/$,,'`"
     *)  top_srcdir="$dots$given_srcdir" ;;
     esac

is more readable when written as:

     case $given_srcdir in
     .)  top_srcdir=`echo "$dots" | sed 's,/$,,'`
     *)  top_srcdir=$dots$given_srcdir ;;
     esac

and in fact it is even _more_ portable: in the first case of the first
attempt, the computation of `top_srcdir' is not portable, since not all
shells properly understand `"`..."..."...`"'.  Worse yet, not all
shells understand `"`...\"...\"...`"' the same way.  There is just no
portable way to use double-quoted strings inside double-quoted
back-quoted expressions (pfew!).

`$@'
     One of the most famous shell-portability issues is related to
     `"$@"'.  When there are no positional arguments, POSIX says that
     `"$@"' is supposed to be equivalent to nothing, but the original
     Unix Version 7 Bourne shell treated it as equivalent to `""'
     instead, and this behavior survives in later implementations like
     Digital Unix 5.0.

     The traditional way to work around this portability problem is to
     use `${1+"$@"}'.  Unfortunately this method does not work with Zsh
     (3.x and 4.x), which is used on Mac OS X.  When emulating the
     Bourne shell, Zsh performs word splitting on `${1+"$@"}':

          zsh $ emulate sh
          zsh $ for i in "$@"; do echo $i; done
          Hello World
          !
          zsh $ for i in ${1+"$@"}; do echo $i; done
          Hello
          World
          !

     Zsh handles plain `"$@"' properly, but we can't use plain `"$@"'
     because of the portability problems mentioned above.  One
     workaround relies on Zsh's "global aliases" to convert `${1+"$@"}'
     into `"$@"' by itself:

          test "${ZSH_VERSION+set}" = set && alias -g '${1+"$@"}'='"$@"'

     A more conservative workaround is to avoid `"$@"' if it is
     possible that there may be no positional arguments.  For example,
     instead of:

          cat conftest.c "$@"

     you can use this instead:

          case $# in
          0) cat conftest.c;;
          *) cat conftest.c "$@";;
          esac

`${VAR:-VALUE}'
     Old BSD shells, including the Ultrix `sh', don't accept the colon
     for any shell substitution, and complain and die.

`${VAR=LITERAL}'
     Be sure to quote:

          : ${var='Some words'}

     otherwise some shells, such as on Digital Unix V 5.0, will die
     because of a "bad substitution".


     Solaris' `/bin/sh' has a frightening bug in its interpretation of
     this.  Imagine you need set a variable to a string containing `}'.
     This `}' character confuses Solaris' `/bin/sh' when the affected
     variable was already set.  This bug can be exercised by running:

          $ unset foo
          $ foo=${foo='}'}
          $ echo $foo
          }
          $ foo=${foo='}'   # no error; this hints to what the bug is
          $ echo $foo
          }
          $ foo=${foo='}'}
          $ echo $foo
          }}
           ^ ugh!

     It seems that `}' is interpreted as matching `${', even though it
     is enclosed in single quotes.  The problem doesn't happen using
     double quotes.

`${VAR=EXPANDED-VALUE}'
     On Ultrix, running

          default="yu,yaa"
          : ${var="$default"}

     will set VAR to `M-yM-uM-,M-yM-aM-a', i.e., the 8th bit of each
     char will be set.  You won't observe the phenomenon using a simple
     `echo $var' since apparently the shell resets the 8th bit when it
     expands $var.  Here are two means to make this shell confess its
     sins:

          $ cat -v <<EOF
          $var
          EOF

     and

          $ set | grep '^var=' | cat -v

     One classic incarnation of this bug is:

          default="a b c"
          : ${list="$default"}
          for c in $list; do
            echo $c
          done

     You'll get `a b c' on a single line.  Why?  Because there are no
     spaces in `$list': there are `M- ', i.e., spaces with the 8th bit
     set, hence no IFS splitting is performed!!!

     One piece of good news is that Ultrix works fine with `:
     ${list=$default}'; i.e., if you _don't_ quote.  The bad news is
     then that QNX 4.25 then sets LIST to the _last_ item of DEFAULT!

     The portable way out consists in using a double assignment, to
     switch the 8th bit twice on Ultrix:

          list=${list="$default"}

     ...but beware of the `}' bug from Solaris (see above).  For safety,
     use:

          test "${var+set}" = set || var={VALUE}

``COMMANDS`'
     While in general it makes no sense, do not substitute a single
     builtin with side effects, becauase Ash 0.2, trying to optimize,
     does not fork a subshell to perform the command.

     For instance, if you wanted to check that `cd' is silent, do not
     use `test -z "`cd /`"' because the following can happen:

          $ pwd
          /tmp
          $ test -n "`cd /`" && pwd
          /

     The result of `foo=`exit 1`' is left as an exercise to the reader.

`$(COMMANDS)'
     This construct is meant to replace ``COMMANDS`'; they can be
     nested while this is impossible to do portably with back quotes.
     Unfortunately it is not yet widely supported.  Most notably, even
     recent releases of Solaris don't support it:

          $ showrev -c /bin/sh | grep version
          Command version: SunOS 5.8 Generic 109324-02 February 2001
          $ echo $(echo blah)
          syntax error: `(' unexpected

     nor does IRIX 6.5's Bourne shell:
          $ uname -a
          IRIX firebird-image 6.5 07151432 IP22
          $ echo $(echo blah)
          $(echo blah)


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Assignments,  Next: Special Shell Variables,  Prev: Shell Substitutions,  Up: Portable Shell

10.6 Assignments
================

When setting several variables in a row, be aware that the order of the
evaluation is undefined.  For instance `foo=1 foo=2; echo $foo' gives
`1' with sh on Solaris, but `2' with Bash.  You must use `;' to enforce
the order: `foo=1; foo=2; echo $foo'.

   Don't rely on the following to find `subdir/program':

     PATH=subdir$PATH_SEPARATOR$PATH program

as this does not work with Zsh 3.0.6.  Use something like this instead:

     (PATH=subdir$PATH_SEPARATOR$PATH; export PATH; exec program)

   Don't rely on the exit status of an assignment: Ash 0.2 does not
change the status and propagates that of the last statement:

     $ false || foo=bar; echo $?
     1
     $ false || foo=`:`; echo $?
     0

and to make things even worse, QNX 4.25 just sets the exit status to 0
in any case:

     $ foo=`exit 1`; echo $?
     0

   To assign default values, follow this algorithm:

  1. If the default value is a literal and does not contain any closing
     brace, use:

          : ${var='my literal'}

  2. If the default value contains no closing brace, has to be
     expanded, and the variable being initialized will never be
     IFS-split (i.e., it's not a list), then use:

          : ${var="$default"}

  3. If the default value contains no closing brace, has to be
     expanded, and the variable being initialized will be IFS-split
     (i.e., it's a list), then use:

          var=${var="$default"}

  4. If the default value contains a closing brace, then use:

          test "${var+set}" = set || var='${indirection}'

   In most cases `var=${var="$default"}' is fine, but in case of doubt,
just use the latter.  *Note Shell Substitutions::, items
`${VAR:-VALUE}' and `${VAR=VALUE}' for the rationale.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Special Shell Variables,  Next: Limitations of Builtins,  Prev: Assignments,  Up: Portable Shell

10.7 Special Shell Variables
============================

Some shell variables should not be used, since they can have a deep
influence on the behavior of the shell.  In order to recover a sane
behavior from the shell, some variables should be unset, but `unset' is
not portable (*note Limitations of Builtins::) and a fallback value is
needed.  We list these values below.

`CDPATH'
     When this variable is set it specifies a list of directories to
     search when invoking `cd' with a relative filename.  POSIX
     1003.1-2001 says that if a nonempty directory name from `CDPATH'
     is used successfully, `cd' prints the resulting absolute filename.
     Unfortunately this output can break idioms like `abs=`cd src &&
     pwd`' because `abs' receives the path twice.  Also, many shells do
     not conform to this part of POSIX; for example, `zsh' prints the
     result only if a directory name other than `.' was chosen from
     `CDPATH'.

     In practice the shells that have this problem also support
     `unset', so you can work around the problem as follows:

          (unset CDPATH) >/dev/null 2>&1 && unset CDPATH

     Autoconf-generated scripts automatically unset `CDPATH' if
     possible, so you need not worry about this problem in those
     scripts.

`IFS'
     Don't set the first character of `IFS' to backslash.  Indeed,
     Bourne shells use the first character (backslash) when joining the
     components in `"$@"' and some shells then re-interpret (!) the
     backslash escapes, so you can end up with backspace and other
     strange characters.

     The proper value for `IFS' (in regular code, not when performing
     splits) is `<SPC><TAB><RET>'.  The first character is especially
     important, as it is used to join the arguments in `@*'.

`LANG'
`LC_ALL'
`LC_COLLATE'
`LC_CTYPE'
`LC_MESSAGES'
`LC_MONETARY'
`LC_NUMERIC'
`LC_TIME'
     Autoconf-generated scripts normally set all these variables to `C'
     because so much configuration code assumes the C locale and POSIX
     requires that locale environment variables be set to `C' if the C
     locale is desired.  However, some older, nonstandard systems
     (notably SCO) break if locale environment variables are set to
     `C', so when running on these systems Autoconf-generated scripts
     unset the variables instead.

`LANGUAGE'
     `LANGUAGE' is not specified by POSIX, but it is a GNU extension
     that overrides `LC_ALL' in some cases, so Autoconf-generated
     scripts set it too.

`LC_ADDRESS'
`LC_IDENTIFICATION'
`LC_MEASUREMENT'
`LC_NAME'
`LC_PAPER'
`LC_TELEPHONE'
     These locale environment variables are GNU extensions.  They are
     treated like their POSIX brethren (`LC_COLLATE', etc.) as
     described above.

`LINENO'
     Most modern shells provide the current line number in `LINENO'.
     Its value is the line number of the beginning of the current
     command.  Autoconf attempts to execute `configure' with a modern
     shell.  If no such shell is available, it attempts to implement
     `LINENO' with a Sed prepass that replaces each instance of the
     string `$LINENO' (not followed by an alphanumeric character) with
     the line's number.

     You should not rely on `LINENO' within `eval', as the behavior
     differs in practice.  Also, the possibility of the Sed prepass
     means that you should not rely on `$LINENO' when quoted, when in
     here-documents, or when in long commands that cross line
     boundaries.  Subshells should be OK, though.  In the following
     example, lines 1, 6, and 9 are portable, but the other instances of
     `LINENO' are not:

          $ cat lineno
          echo 1. $LINENO
          cat <<EOF
          3. $LINENO
          4. $LINENO
          EOF
          ( echo 6. $LINENO )
          eval 'echo 7. $LINENO'
          echo 8. '$LINENO'
          echo 9. $LINENO '
          10.' $LINENO
          $ bash-2.05 lineno
          1. 1
          3. 2
          4. 2
          6. 6
          7. 1
          8. $LINENO
          9. 9
          10. 9
          $ zsh-3.0.6 lineno
          1. 1
          3. 2
          4. 2
          6. 6
          7. 7
          8. $LINENO
          9. 9
          10. 9
          $ pdksh-5.2.14 lineno
          1. 1
          3. 2
          4. 2
          6. 6
          7. 0
          8. $LINENO
          9. 9
          10. 9
          $ sed '=' <lineno |
          >   sed '
          >     N
          >     s,$,-,
          >     : loop
          >     s,^\([0-9]*\)\(.*\)[$]LINENO\([^a-zA-Z0-9_]\),\1\2\1\3,
          >     t loop
          >     s,-$,,
          >     s,^[0-9]*\n,,
          >   ' |
          >   sh
          1. 1
          3. 3
          4. 4
          6. 6
          7. 7
          8. 8
          9. 9
          10. 10

`NULLCMD'
     When executing the command `>foo', `zsh' executes `$NULLCMD >foo'.
     The Bourne shell considers `NULLCMD' to be `:', while `zsh', even
     in Bourne shell compatibility mode, sets `NULLCMD' to `cat'.  If
     you forgot to set `NULLCMD', your script might be suspended
     waiting for data on its standard input.

`ENV'
`MAIL'
`MAILPATH'
`PS1'
`PS2'
`PS4'
     These variables should not matter for shell scripts, since they are
     supposed to affect only interactive shells.  However, at least one
     shell (the pre-3.0 UWIN `ksh') gets confused about whether it is
     interactive, which means that (for example) a `PS1' with a side
     effect can unexpectedly modify `$?'.  To work around this bug,
     Autoconf-generated scripts do something like this:

          (unset ENV) >/dev/null 2>&1 && unset ENV MAIL MAILPATH
          PS1='$ '
          PS2='> '
          PS4='+ '

`PWD'
     POSIX 1003.1-2001 requires that `cd' and `pwd' must update the
     `PWD' environment variable to point to the logical path to the
     current directory, but traditional shells do not support this.
     This can cause confusion if one shell instance maintains `PWD' but
     a subsidiary and different shell does not know about `PWD' and
     executes `cd'; in this case `PWD' will point to the wrong
     directory.  Use ``pwd`' rather than `$PWD'.

`status'
     This variable is an alias to `$?' for `zsh' (at least 3.1.6),
     hence read-only.  Do not use it.

`PATH_SEPARATOR'
     If it is not set, `configure' will detect the appropriate path
     separator for the build system and set the `PATH_SEPARATOR' output
     variable accordingly.

     On DJGPP systems, the `PATH_SEPARATOR' environment variable can be
     set to either `:' or `;' to control the path separator `bash' uses
     to set up certain environment variables (such as `PATH').  Since
     this only works inside `bash', you want `configure' to detect the
     regular DOS path separator (`;'), so it can be safely substituted
     in files that may not support `;' as path separator.  So it is
     recommended to either unset this variable or set it to `;'.

`RANDOM'
     Many shells provide `RANDOM', a variable that returns a different
     integer each time it is used.  Most of the time, its value does not
     change when it is not used, but on IRIX 6.5 the value changes all
     the time.  This can be observed by using `set'.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Limitations of Builtins,  Next: Limitations of Usual Tools,  Prev: Special Shell Variables,  Up: Portable Shell

10.8 Limitations of Shell Builtins
==================================

No, no, we are serious: some shells do have limitations!  :)

   You should always keep in mind that any builtin or command may
support options, and therefore have a very different behavior with
arguments starting with a dash.  For instance, the innocent `echo
"$word"' can give unexpected results when `word' starts with a dash.
It is often possible to avoid this problem using `echo "x$word"', taking
the `x' into account later in the pipe.

`.'
     Use `.' only with regular files (use `test -f').  Bash 2.03, for
     instance, chokes on `. /dev/null'.  Also, remember that `.' uses
     `PATH' if its argument contains no slashes, so if you want to use
     `.' on a file `foo' in the current directory, you must use `.
     ./foo'.

`!'
     You can't use `!'; you'll have to rewrite your code.

`break'
     The use of `break 2' etc. is safe.

`cd'
     POSIX 1003.1-2001 requires that `cd' must support the `-L'
     ("logical") and `-P' ("physical") options, with `-L' being the
     default.  However, traditional shells do not support these
     options, and their `cd' command has the `-P' behavior.

     Portable scripts should assume neither option is supported, and
     should assume neither behavior is the default.  This can be a bit
     tricky, since the POSIX default behavior means that, for example,
     `ls ..' and `cd ..' may refer to different directories if the
     current logical directory is a symbolic link.  It is safe to use
     `cd DIR' if DIR contains no `..' components.  Also,
     Autoconf-generated scripts check for this problem when computing
     variables like `ac_top_srcdir' (*note Configuration Actions::), so
     it is safe to `cd' to these variables.

     Also please see the discussion of the `pwd' command.

`case'
     You don't need to quote the argument; no splitting is performed.

     You don't need the final `;;', but you should use it.

     Because of a bug in its `fnmatch', `bash' fails to properly handle
     backslashes in character classes:

          bash-2.02$ case /tmp in [/\\]*) echo OK;; esac
          bash-2.02$

     This is extremely unfortunate, since you are likely to use this
     code to handle UNIX or MS-DOS absolute paths.  To work around this
     bug, always put the backslash first:

          bash-2.02$ case '\TMP' in [\\/]*) echo OK;; esac
          OK
          bash-2.02$ case /tmp in [\\/]*) echo OK;; esac
          OK

     Some shells, such as Ash 0.3.8, are confused by an empty
     `case'/`esac':

          ash-0.3.8 $ case foo in esac;
          error-->Syntax error: ";" unexpected (expecting ")")

     Many shells still do not support parenthesized cases, which is a
     pity for those of us using tools that rely on balanced
     parentheses.  For instance, Solaris 2.8's Bourne shell:

          $ case foo in (foo) echo foo;; esac
          error-->syntax error: `(' unexpected

`echo'
     The simple `echo' is probably the most surprising source of
     portability troubles.  It is not possible to use `echo' portably
     unless both options and escape sequences are omitted.  New
     applications which are not aiming at portability should use
     `printf' instead of `echo'.

     Don't expect any option.  *Note Preset Output Variables::, `ECHO_N'
     etc. for a means to simulate `-n'.

     Do not use backslashes in the arguments, as there is no consensus
     on their handling.  On `echo '\n' | wc -l', the `sh' of Digital
     Unix 4.0 and MIPS RISC/OS 4.52, answer 2, but the Solaris' `sh',
     Bash, and Zsh (in `sh' emulation mode) report 1.  Please note that
     the problem is truly `echo': all the shells understand `'\n'' as
     the string composed of a backslash and an `n'.

     Because of these problems, do not pass a string containing
     arbitrary characters to `echo'.  For example, `echo "$foo"' is safe
     if you know that FOO's value cannot contain backslashes and cannot
     start with `-', but otherwise you should use a here-document like
     this:

          cat <<EOF
          $foo
          EOF

`exit'
     The default value of `exit' is supposed to be `$?'; unfortunately,
     some shells, such as the DJGPP port of Bash 2.04, just perform
     `exit 0'.

          bash-2.04$ foo=`exit 1` || echo fail
          fail
          bash-2.04$ foo=`(exit 1)` || echo fail
          fail
          bash-2.04$ foo=`(exit 1); exit` || echo fail
          bash-2.04$

     Using `exit $?' restores the expected behavior.

     Some shell scripts, such as those generated by `autoconf', use a
     trap to clean up before exiting.  If the last shell command exited
     with nonzero status, the trap also exits with nonzero status so
     that the invoker can tell that an error occurred.

     Unfortunately, in some shells, such as Solaris 8 `sh', an exit
     trap ignores the `exit' command's argument.  In these shells, a
     trap cannot determine whether it was invoked by plain `exit' or by
     `exit 1'.  Instead of calling `exit' directly, use the
     `AC_MSG_ERROR' macro that has a workaround for this problem.

`export'
     The builtin `export' dubs a shell variable "environment variable".
     Each update of exported variables corresponds to an update of the
     environment variables.  Conversely, each environment variable
     received by the shell when it is launched should be imported as a
     shell variable marked as exported.

     Alas, many shells, such as Solaris 2.5, IRIX 6.3, IRIX 5.2, AIX
     4.1.5, and Digital UNIX 4.0, forget to `export' the environment
     variables they receive.  As a result, two variables coexist: the
     environment variable and the shell variable.  The following code
     demonstrates this failure:

          #! /bin/sh
          echo $FOO
          FOO=bar
          echo $FOO
          exec /bin/sh $0

     when run with `FOO=foo' in the environment, these shells will print
     alternately `foo' and `bar', although it should only print `foo'
     and then a sequence of `bar's.

     Therefore you should `export' again each environment variable that
     you update.

`false'
     Don't expect `false' to exit with status 1: in the native Bourne
     shell of Solaris 8 it exits with status 255.

`for'
     To loop over positional arguments, use:

          for arg
          do
            echo "$arg"
          done

     You may _not_ leave the `do' on the same line as `for', since some
     shells improperly grok:

          for arg; do
            echo "$arg"
          done

     If you want to explicitly refer to the positional arguments, given
     the `$@' bug (*note Shell Substitutions::), use:

          for arg in ${1+"$@"}; do
            echo "$arg"
          done

     But keep in mind that Zsh, even in Bourne shell emulation mode,
     performs word splitting on `${1+"$@"}'; see *Note Shell
     Substitutions::, item `$@', for more.

`if'
     Using `!' is not portable.  Instead of:

          if ! cmp -s file file.new; then
            mv file.new file
          fi

     use:

          if cmp -s file file.new; then :; else
            mv file.new file
          fi

     There are shells that do not reset the exit status from an `if':

          $ if (exit 42); then true; fi; echo $?
          42

     whereas a proper shell should have printed `0'.  This is especially
     bad in Makefiles since it produces false failures.  This is why
     properly written Makefiles, such as Automake's, have such hairy
     constructs:

          if test -f "$file"; then
            install "$file" "$dest"
          else
            :
          fi

`pwd'
     With modern shells, plain `pwd' outputs a "logical" directory
     name, some of whose components may be symbolic links.  These
     directory names are in contrast to "physical" directory names,
     whose components are all directories.

     POSIX 1003.1-2001 requires that `pwd' must support the `-L'
     ("logical") and `-P' ("physical") options, with `-L' being the
     default.  However, traditional shells do not support these
     options, and their `pwd' command has the `-P' behavior.

     Portable scripts should assume neither option is supported, and
     should assume neither behavior is the default.  Also, on many hosts
     `/bin/pwd' is equivalent to `pwd -P', but POSIX does not require
     this behavior and portable scripts should not rely on it.

     Typically it's best to use plain `pwd'.  On modern hosts this
     outputs logical directory names, which have the following
     advantages:

        * Logical names are what the user specified.

        * Physical names may not be portable from one installation host
          to another due to network filesystem gymnastics.

        * On modern hosts `pwd -P' may fail due to lack of permissions
          to some parent directory, but plain `pwd' cannot fail for this
          reason.

     Also please see the discussion of the `cd' command.

`set'
     This builtin faces the usual problem with arguments starting with a
     dash.  Modern shells such as Bash or Zsh understand `--' to specify
     the end of the options (any argument after `--' is a parameter,
     even `-x' for instance), but most shells simply stop the option
     processing as soon as a non-option argument is found.  Therefore,
     use `dummy' or simply `x' to end the option processing, and use
     `shift' to pop it out:

          set x $my_list; shift

     Some shells have the "opposite" problem of not recognizing all
     options (e.g., `set -e -x' assigns `-x' to the command line).  It
     is better to elide these:

          set -ex

`shift'
     Not only is `shift'ing a bad idea when there is nothing left to
     shift, but in addition it is not portable: the shell of MIPS
     RISC/OS 4.52 refuses to do it.

`source'
     This command is not portable, as POSIX does not require it; use
     `.' instead.

`test'
     The `test' program is the way to perform many file and string
     tests.  It is often invoked by the alternate name `[', but using
     that name in Autoconf code is asking for trouble since it is an M4
     quote character.

     If you need to make multiple checks using `test', combine them with
     the shell operators `&&' and `||' instead of using the `test'
     operators `-a' and `-o'.  On System V, the precedence of `-a' and
     `-o' is wrong relative to the unary operators; consequently, POSIX
     does not specify them, so using them is nonportable.  If you
     combine `&&' and `||' in the same statement, keep in mind that
     they have equal precedence.

     You may use `!' with `test', but not with `if': `test ! -r foo ||
     exit 1'.

`test' (files)
     To enable `configure' scripts to support cross-compilation, they
     shouldn't do anything that tests features of the build system
     instead of the host system.  But occasionally you may find it
     necessary to check whether some arbitrary file exists.  To do so,
     use `test -f' or `test -r'.  Do not use `test -x', because 4.3BSD
     does not have it.  Do not use `test -e' either, because Solaris
     2.5 does not have it.

`test' (strings)
     Avoid `test "STRING"', in particular if STRING might start with a
     dash, since `test' might interpret its argument as an option
     (e.g., `STRING = "-n"').

     Contrary to a common belief, `test -n STRING' and `test -z STRING'
     *are* portable.  Nevertheless many shells (such as Solaris 2.5,
     AIX 3.2, UNICOS 10.0.0.6, Digital Unix 4 etc.) have bizarre
     precedence and may be confused if STRING looks like an operator:

          $ test -n =
          test: argument expected

     If there are risks, use `test "xSTRING" = x' or `test "xSTRING" !=
     x' instead.

     It is common to find variations of the following idiom:

          test -n "`echo $ac_feature | sed 's/[-a-zA-Z0-9_]//g'`" &&
            ACTION

     to take an action when a token matches a given pattern.  Such
     constructs should always be avoided by using:

          echo "$ac_feature" | grep '[^-a-zA-Z0-9_]' >/dev/null 2>&1 &&
            ACTION

     Use `case' where possible since it is faster, being a shell
     builtin:

          case $ac_feature in
            *[!-a-zA-Z0-9_]*) ACTION;;
          esac

     Alas, negated character classes are probably not portable,
     although no shell is known to not support the POSIX syntax `[!...]'
     (when in interactive mode, `zsh' is confused by the `[!...]'
     syntax and looks for an event in its history because of `!').
     Many shells do not support the alternative syntax `[^...]'
     (Solaris, Digital Unix, etc.).

     One solution can be:

          expr "$ac_feature" : '.*[^-a-zA-Z0-9_]' >/dev/null &&
            ACTION

     or better yet

          expr "x$ac_feature" : '.*[^-a-zA-Z0-9_]' >/dev/null &&
            ACTION

     `expr "XFOO" : "XBAR"' is more robust than `echo "XFOO" | grep
     "^XBAR"', because it avoids problems when `FOO' contains
     backslashes.

`trap'
     It is safe to trap at least the signals 1, 2, 13, and 15.  You can
     also trap 0, i.e., have the `trap' run when the script ends
     (either via an explicit `exit', or the end of the script).

     Although POSIX is not absolutely clear on this point, it is widely
     admitted that when entering the trap `$?' should be set to the exit
     status of the last command run before the trap.  The ambiguity can
     be summarized as: "when the trap is launched by an `exit', what is
     the _last_ command run: that before `exit', or `exit' itself?"

     Bash considers `exit' to be the last command, while Zsh and
     Solaris 8 `sh' consider that when the trap is run it is _still_ in
     the `exit', hence it is the previous exit status that the trap
     receives:

          $ cat trap.sh
          trap 'echo $?' 0
          (exit 42); exit 0
          $ zsh trap.sh
          42
          $ bash trap.sh
          0

     The portable solution is then simple: when you want to `exit 42',
     run `(exit 42); exit 42', the first `exit' being used to set the
     exit status to 42 for Zsh, and the second to trigger the trap and
     pass 42 as exit status for Bash.

     The shell in FreeBSD 4.0 has the following bug: `$?' is reset to 0
     by empty lines if the code is inside `trap'.

          $ trap 'false

          echo $?' 0
          $ exit
          0

     Fortunately, this bug only affects `trap'.

`true'
     Don't worry: as far as we know `true' is portable.  Nevertheless,
     it's not always a builtin (e.g., Bash 1.x), and the portable shell
     community tends to prefer using `:'.  This has a funny side
     effect: when asked whether `false' is more portable than `true'
     Alexandre Oliva answered:

          In a sense, yes, because if it doesn't exist, the shell will
          produce an exit status of failure, which is correct for
          `false', but not for `true'.

`unset'
     You cannot assume the support of `unset'.  Nevertheless, because
     it is extremely useful to disable embarrassing variables such as
     `PS1', you can test for its existence and use it _provided_ you
     give a neutralizing value when `unset' is not supported:

          if (unset FOO) >/dev/null 2>&1; then
            unset=unset
          else
            unset=false
          fi
          $unset PS1 || PS1='$ '

     *Note Special Shell Variables::, for some neutralizing values.
     Also, see *Note Limitations of Builtins::, documentation of
     `export', for the case of environment variables.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Limitations of Usual Tools,  Next: Limitations of Make,  Prev: Limitations of Builtins,  Up: Portable Shell

10.9 Limitations of Usual Tools
===============================

The small set of tools you can expect to find on any machine can still
include some limitations you should be aware of.

`awk'
     Don't leave white spaces before the parentheses in user functions
     calls; GNU awk will reject it:

          $ gawk 'function die () { print "Aaaaarg!"  }
                  BEGIN { die () }'
          gawk: cmd. line:2:         BEGIN { die () }
          gawk: cmd. line:2:                      ^ parse error
          $ gawk 'function die () { print "Aaaaarg!"  }
                  BEGIN { die() }'
          Aaaaarg!

     If you want your program to be deterministic, don't depend on `for'
     on arrays:

          $ cat for.awk
          END {
            arr["foo"] = 1
            arr["bar"] = 1
            for (i in arr)
              print i
          }
          $ gawk -f for.awk </dev/null
          foo
          bar
          $ nawk -f for.awk </dev/null
          bar
          foo

     Some AWK, such as HPUX 11.0's native one, have regex engines
     fragile to inner anchors:

          $ echo xfoo | $AWK '/foo|^bar/ { print }'
          $ echo bar | $AWK '/foo|^bar/ { print }'
          bar
          $ echo xfoo | $AWK '/^bar|foo/ { print }'
          xfoo
          $ echo bar | $AWK '/^bar|foo/ { print }'
          bar

     Either do not depend on such patterns (i.e., use `/^(.*foo|bar)/',
     or use a simple test to reject such AWK.

`cat'
     Don't rely on any option.  The option `-v', which displays
     non-printing characters, _seems_ portable, though.

`cc'
     When a compilation such as `cc foo.c -o foo' fails, some compilers
     (such as CDS on Reliant UNIX) leave a `foo.o'.

     HP-UX `cc' doesn't accept `.S' files to preprocess and assemble.
     `cc -c foo.S' will appear to succeed, but in fact does nothing.

     The default executable, produced by `cc foo.c', can be

        * `a.out' -- usual Unix convention.

        * `b.out' -- i960 compilers (including `gcc').

        * `a.exe' -- DJGPP port of `gcc'.

        * `a_out.exe' -- GNV `cc' wrapper for DEC C on OpenVMS.

        * `foo.exe' -- various MS-DOS compilers.

`cmp'
     `cmp' performs a raw data comparison of two files, while `diff'
     compares two text files.  Therefore, if you might compare DOS
     files, even if only checking whether two files are different, use
     `diff' to avoid spurious differences due to differences of newline
     encoding.

`cp'
     SunOS `cp' does not support `-f', although its `mv' does.  It's
     possible to deduce why `mv' and `cp' are different with respect to
     `-f'.  `mv' prompts by default before overwriting a read-only
     file.  `cp' does not.  Therefore, `mv' requires a `-f' option, but
     `cp' does not.  `mv' and `cp' behave differently with respect to
     read-only files because the simplest form of `cp' cannot overwrite
     a read-only file, but the simplest form of `mv' can.  This is
     because `cp' opens the target for write access, whereas `mv'
     simply calls `link' (or, in newer systems, `rename').

     Bob Proulx notes that `cp -p' always _tries_ to copy ownerships.
     But whether it actually does copy ownerships or not is a system
     dependent policy decision implemented by the kernel.  If the
     kernel allows it then it happens.  If the kernel does not allow it
     then it does not happen.  It is not something `cp' itself has
     control over.

     In SysV any user can chown files to any other user, and SysV also
     had a non-sticky `/tmp'.  That undoubtedly derives from the
     heritage of SysV in a business environment without hostile users.
     BSD changed this to be a more secure model where only root can
     `chown' files and a sticky `/tmp' is used.  That undoubtedly
     derives from the heritage of BSD in a campus environment.

     Linux by default follows BSD, but it can be configured to allow
     `chown'.  HP-UX as an alternate example follows SysV, but it can
     be configured to use the modern security model and disallow
     `chown'.  Since it is an administrator configurable parameter you
     can't use the name of the kernel as an indicator of the behavior.

`date'
     Some versions of `date' do not recognize special % directives, and
     unfortunately, instead of complaining, they just pass them through,
     and exit with success:

          $ uname -a
          OSF1 medusa.sis.pasteur.fr V5.1 732 alpha
          $ date "+%s"
          %s

`diff'
     Option `-u' is nonportable.

     Some implementations, such as Tru64's, fail when comparing to
     `/dev/null'.  Use an empty file instead.

`dirname'
     Not all hosts have a working `dirname', and you should instead use
     `AS_DIRNAME' (*note Programming in M4sh::).  For example:

          dir=`dirname "$file"`       # This is not portable.
          dir=`AS_DIRNAME(["$file"])` # This is more portable.

     This handles a few subtleties in the standard way required by
     POSIX.  For example, under UN*X, should `dirname //1' give `/'?
     Paul Eggert answers:

          No, under some older flavors of Unix, leading `//' is a
          special path name: it refers to a "super-root" and is used to
          access other machines' files.  Leading `///', `////', etc.
          are equivalent to `/'; but leading `//' is special.  I think
          this tradition started with Apollo Domain/OS, an OS that is
          still in use on some older hosts.

          POSIX allows but does not require the special treatment for
          `//'.  It says that the behavior of dirname on path names of
          the form `//([^/]+/*)?'  is implementation defined.  In these
          cases, GNU `dirname' returns `/', but it's more portable to
          return `//' as this works even on those older flavors of Unix.

`egrep'
     POSIX 1003.1-2001 no longer requires `egrep', but many older hosts
     do not yet support the POSIX replacement `grep -E'.  To work
     around this problem, invoke `AC_PROG_EGREP' and then use `$EGREP'.

     The empty alternative is not portable, use `?' instead.  For
     instance with Digital Unix v5.0:

          > printf "foo\n|foo\n" | $EGREP '^(|foo|bar)$'
          |foo
          > printf "bar\nbar|\n" | $EGREP '^(foo|bar|)$'
          bar|
          > printf "foo\nfoo|\n|bar\nbar\n" | $EGREP '^(foo||bar)$'
          foo
          |bar

     `$EGREP' also suffers the limitations of `grep'.

`expr'
     No `expr' keyword starts with `x', so use `expr x"WORD" :
     'xREGEX'' to keep `expr' from misinterpreting WORD.

     Don't use `length', `substr', `match' and `index'.

`expr' (`|')
     You can use `|'.  Although POSIX does require that `expr '''
     return the empty string, it does not specify the result when you
     `|' together the empty string (or zero) with the empty string.  For
     example:

          expr '' \| ''

     GNU/Linux and POSIX.2-1992 return the empty string for this case,
     but traditional UNIX returns `0' (Solaris is one such example).
     In POSIX.1-2001, the specification has been changed to match
     traditional UNIX's behavior (which is bizarre, but it's too late
     to fix this).  Please note that the same problem does arise when
     the empty string results from a computation, as in:

          expr bar : foo \| foo : bar

     Avoid this portability problem by avoiding the empty string.

`expr' (`:')
     Don't use `\?', `\+' and `\|' in patterns, as they are not
     supported on Solaris.

     The POSIX standard is ambiguous as to whether `expr 'a' : '\(b\)''
     outputs `0' or the empty string.  In practice, it outputs the
     empty string on most platforms, but portable scripts should not
     assume this.  For instance, the QNX 4.25 native `expr' returns `0'.

     One might think that a way to get a uniform behavior would be to
     use the empty string as a default value:

          expr a : '\(b\)' \| ''

     Unfortunately this behaves exactly as the original expression; see
     the ``expr' (`:')' entry for more information.

     Older `expr' implementations (e.g., SunOS 4 `expr' and Solaris 8
     `/usr/ucb/expr') have a silly length limit that causes `expr' to
     fail if the matched substring is longer than 120 bytes.  In this
     case, you might want to fall back on `echo|sed' if `expr' fails.

     Don't leave, there is some more!

     The QNX 4.25 `expr', in addition of preferring `0' to the empty
     string, has a funny behavior in its exit status: it's always 1
     when parentheses are used!

          $ val=`expr 'a' : 'a'`; echo "$?: $val"
          0: 1
          $ val=`expr 'a' : 'b'`; echo "$?: $val"
          1: 0

          $ val=`expr 'a' : '\(a\)'`; echo "?: $val"
          1: a
          $ val=`expr 'a' : '\(b\)'`; echo "?: $val"
          1: 0

     In practice this can be a big problem if you are ready to catch
     failures of `expr' programs with some other method (such as using
     `sed'), since you may get twice the result.  For instance

          $ expr 'a' : '\(a\)' || echo 'a' | sed 's/^\(a\)$/\1/'

     will output `a' on most hosts, but `aa' on QNX 4.25.  A simple
     workaround consists in testing `expr' and use a variable set to
     `expr' or to `false' according to the result.

`fgrep'
     POSIX 1003.1-2001 no longer requires `fgrep', but many older hosts
     do not yet support the POSIX replacement `grep -F'.  To work
     around this problem, invoke `AC_PROG_FGREP' and then use `$FGREP'.

`find'
     The option `-maxdepth' seems to be GNU specific.  Tru64 v5.1,
     NetBSD 1.5 and Solaris 2.5 `find' commands do not understand it.

     The replacement of `{}' is guaranteed only if the argument is
     exactly _{}_, not if it's only a part of an argument.  For
     instance on DU, and HP-UX 10.20 and HP-UX 11:

          $ touch foo
          $ find . -name foo -exec echo "{}-{}" \;
          {}-{}

     while GNU `find' reports `./foo-./foo'.

`grep'
     Don't use `grep -s' to suppress output, because `grep -s' on
     System V does not suppress output, only error messages.  Instead,
     redirect the standard output and standard error (in case the file
     doesn't exist) of `grep' to `/dev/null'.  Check the exit status of
     `grep' to determine whether it found a match.

     Don't use multiple regexps with `-e', as some `grep' will only
     honor the last pattern (e.g., IRIX 6.5 and Solaris 2.5.1).  Anyway,
     Stardent Vistra SVR4 `grep' lacks `-e'...  Instead, use extended
     regular expressions and alternation.

     Don't rely on `-w', as Irix 6.5.16m's `grep' does not support it.

`ln'
     Don't rely on `ln' having a `-f' option.  Symbolic links are not
     available on old systems; use `$(LN_S)' as a portable substitute.

     For versions of the DJGPP before 2.04, `ln' emulates soft links to
     executables by generating a stub that in turn calls the real
     program.  This feature also works with nonexistent files like in
     the Unix spec.  So `ln -s file link' will generate `link.exe',
     which will attempt to call `file.exe' if run.  But this feature
     only works for executables, so `cp -p' is used instead for these
     systems.  DJGPP versions 2.04 and later have full symlink support.

`ls'
     The portable options are `-acdilrtu'.  Modern practice is for `-l'
     to output both owner and group, but traditional `ls' omits the
     group.

     Modern practice is for all diagnostics to go to standard error, but
     traditional `ls foo' prints the message `foo not found' to
     standard output if `foo' does not exist.  Be careful when writing
     shell commands like `sources=`ls *.c 2>/dev/null`', since with
     traditional `ls' this is equivalent to `sources="*.c not found"'
     if there are no `.c' files.

`mkdir'
     None of `mkdir''s options are portable.  Instead of `mkdir -p
     FILENAME', you should use use `AS_MKDIR_P(FILENAME)' (*note
     Programming in M4sh::).

`mv'
     The only portable options are `-f' and `-i'.

     Moving individual files between file systems is portable (it was
     in V6), but it is not always atomic: when doing `mv new existing',
     there's a critical section where neither the old nor the new
     version of `existing' actually exists.

     Be aware that moving files from `/tmp' can sometimes cause
     undesirable (but perfectly valid) warnings, even if you created
     these files.  On some systems, creating the file in `/tmp' is
     setting a guid `wheel' which you may not be part of.  So the file
     is copied, and then the `chgrp' fails:

          $ touch /tmp/foo
          $ mv /tmp/foo .
          error-->mv: ./foo: set owner/group (was: 3830/0): Operation not permitted
          $ echo $?
          0
          $ ls foo
          foo

     This behavior conforms to POSIX:

          If the duplication of the file characteristics fails for any
          reason, mv shall write a diagnostic message to standard
          error, but this failure shall not cause mv to modify its exit
          status."

     Moving directories across mount points is not portable, use `cp'
     and `rm'.

     Moving/Deleting open files isn't portable.  The following can't be
     done on DOS/WIN32:

          exec > foo
          mv foo bar

     nor can

          exec > foo
          rm -f foo

`sed'
     Patterns should not include the separator (unless escaped), even
     as part of a character class.  In conformance with POSIX, the Cray
     `sed' will reject `s/[^/]*$//': use `s,[^/]*$,,'.

     Sed scripts should not use branch labels longer than 8 characters
     and should not contain comments.

     Don't include extra `;', as some `sed', such as NetBSD 1.4.2's,
     try to interpret the second as a command:

          $ echo a | sed 's/x/x/;;s/x/x/'
          sed: 1: "s/x/x/;;s/x/x/": invalid command code ;

     Input should have reasonably long lines, since some `sed' have an
     input buffer limited to 4000 bytes.

     Alternation, `\|', is common but POSIX does not require its
     support, so it should be avoided in portable scripts.  Solaris 8
     `sed' does not support alternation; e.g., `sed '/a\|b/d'' deletes
     only lines that contain the literal string `a|b'.

     Anchors (`^' and `$') inside groups are not portable.

     Nested parenthesization in patterns (e.g., `\(\(a*\)b*)\)') is
     quite portable to modern hosts, but is not supported by some older
     `sed' implementations like SVR3.

     Of course the option `-e' is portable, but it is not needed.  No
     valid Sed program can start with a dash, so it does not help
     disambiguating.  Its sole usefulness is to help enforcing
     indentation as in:

          sed -e INSTRUCTION-1 \
              -e INSTRUCTION-2

     as opposed to

          sed INSTRUCTION-1;INSTRUCTION-2

     Contrary to yet another urban legend, you may portably use `&' in
     the replacement part of the `s' command to mean "what was
     matched".  All descendants of Bell Lab's V7 `sed' (at least; we
     don't have first hand experience with older `sed's) have supported
     it.

     POSIX requires that you must not have any white space between `!'
     and the following command.  It is OK to have blanks between the
     address and the `!'.  For instance, on Solaris 8:

          $ echo "foo" | sed -n '/bar/ ! p'
          error-->Unrecognized command: /bar/ ! p
          $ echo "foo" | sed -n '/bar/! p'
          error-->Unrecognized command: /bar/! p
          $ echo "foo" | sed -n '/bar/ !p'
          foo

`sed' (`t')
     Some old systems have `sed' that "forget" to reset their `t' flag
     when starting a new cycle.  For instance on MIPS RISC/OS, and on
     IRIX 5.3, if you run the following `sed' script (the line numbers
     are not actual part of the texts):

          s/keep me/kept/g  # a
          t end             # b
          s/.*/deleted/g    # c
          : end             # d

     on

          delete me         # 1
          delete me         # 2
          keep me           # 3
          delete me         # 4

     you get

          deleted
          delete me
          kept
          deleted

     instead of

          deleted
          deleted
          kept
          deleted

     Why?  When processing 1, a matches, therefore sets the t flag, b
     jumps to d, and the output is produced.  When processing line 2,
     the t flag is still set (this is the bug).  Line a fails to match,
     but `sed' is not supposed to clear the t flag when a substitution
     fails.  Line b sees that the flag is set, therefore it clears it,
     and jumps to d, hence you get `delete me' instead of `deleted'.
     When processing 3, t is clear, a matches, so the flag is set,
     hence b clears the flags and jumps.  Finally, since the flag is
     clear, 4 is processed properly.

     There are two things one should remember about `t' in `sed'.
     Firstly, always remember that `t' jumps if _some_ substitution
     succeeded, not only the immediately preceding substitution.
     Therefore, always use a fake `t clear; : clear' to reset the t
     flag where indeed.

     Secondly, you cannot rely on `sed' to clear the flag at each new
     cycle.

     One portable implementation of the script above is:

          t clear
          : clear
          s/keep me/kept/g
          t end
          s/.*/deleted/g
          : end

`touch'
     On some old BSD systems, `touch' or any command that results in an
     empty file does not update the timestamps, so use a command like
     `echo' as a workaround.

     GNU `touch' 3.16r (and presumably all before that) fails to work
     on SunOS 4.1.3 when the empty file is on an NFS-mounted 4.2 volume.



File: autoconf.info,  Node: Limitations of Make,  Prev: Limitations of Usual Tools,  Up: Portable Shell

10.10 Limitations of Make
=========================

`make' itself suffers a great number of limitations, only a few of
which are listed here.  First of all, remember that since commands are
executed by the shell, all its weaknesses are inherited....

`$<'
     POSIX says that the `$<' construct in makefiles can be used only
     in inference rules and in the `.DEFAULT' rule; its meaning in
     ordinary rules is unspecified.  Solaris 8's `make' for instance
     will replace it with the argument.

Leading underscore in macro names
     Some `make's don't support leading underscores in macro names,
     such as on NEWS-OS 4.2R.

          $ cat Makefile
          _am_include = #
          _am_quote =
          all:; @echo this is test
          $ make
          Make: Must be a separator on rules line 2.  Stop.
          $ cat Makefile2
          am_include = #
          am_quote =
          all:; @echo this is test
          $ make -f Makefile2
          this is test

Trailing backslash in macro
     On some versions of HP-UX, `make' will read multiple newlines
     following a backslash, continuing to the next non-empty line.  For
     example,

          FOO = one \

          BAR = two

          test:
                  : FOO is "$(FOO)"
                  : BAR is "$(BAR)"

     shows `FOO' equal to `one BAR = two'.  Other `make's sensibly let
     a backslash continue only to the immediately following line.

Escaped newline in comments
     According to POSIX, `Makefile' comments start with `#' and
     continue until an unescaped newline is reached.

          % cat Makefile
          # A = foo \
                bar \
                baz

          all:
                  @echo ok
          % make   # GNU make
          ok

     However in Real World this is not always the case.  Some
     implementations discards anything from `#' up to the end of line,
     ignoring any trailing backslash.

          % pmake  # BSD make
          "Makefile", line 3: Need an operator
          Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue

     Therefore, if you want to comment out a multi-line definition,
     prefix each line with `#', not only the first.

          # A = foo \
          #     bar \
          #     baz

`make macro=value' and sub-`make's.
     A command-line variable definition such as `foo=bar' overrides any
     definition of `foo' in the `Makefile'.  Some `make'
     implementations (such as GNU `make') will propagate this override
     to sub-invocations of `make'.  This is allowed but not required by
     POSIX.

          % cat Makefile
          foo = foo
          one:
                  @echo $(foo)
                  $(MAKE) two
          two:
                  @echo $(foo)
          % make foo=bar            # GNU make 3.79.1
          bar
          make two
          make[1]: Entering directory `/home/adl'
          bar
          make[1]: Leaving directory `/home/adl'
          % pmake foo=bar           # BSD make
          bar
          pmake two
          foo

     You have a few possibilities if you do want the `foo=bar' override
     to propagate to sub-`make's.  One is to use the `-e' option, which
     causes all environment variables to have precedence over the
     `Makefile' macro definitions, and declare foo as an environment
     variable:

          % env foo=bar make -e

     The `-e' option is propagated to sub-`make's automatically, and
     since the environment is inherited between `make' invocations, the
     `foo' macro will be overridden in sub-`make's as expected.

     Using `-e' could have unexpected side-effects if your environment
     contains some other macros usually defined by the Makefile.  (See
     also the note about `make -e' and `SHELL' below.)

     Another way to propagate overrides to sub-`make's is to do it
     manually, from your `Makefile':

          foo = foo
          one:
                  @echo $(foo)
                  $(MAKE) foo=$(foo) two
          two:
                  @echo $(foo)

     You need to foresee all macros that a user might want to override
     if you do that.

The `SHELL' macro
     POSIX-compliant `make's internally use the `$(SHELL)' macro to
     spawn shell processes and execute `Makefile' rules.  This is a
     builtin macro supplied by `make', but it can be modified from the
     `Makefile' or a command-line argument.

     Not all `make's will define this `SHELL' macro.  OSF/Tru64 `make'
     is an example; this implementation will always use `/bin/sh'.  So
     it's a good idea to always define `SHELL' in your `Makefile's.  If
     you use Autoconf, do

          SHELL = @SHELL@

     POSIX-compliant `make's should never acquire the value of $(SHELL)
     from the environment, even when `make -e' is used (otherwise,
     think about what would happen to your rules if `SHELL=/bin/tcsh').

     However not all `make' implementations will make this exception.
     For instance it's not surprising that OSF/Tru64 `make' doesn't
     protect `SHELL', since it doesn't use it.

          % cat Makefile
          SHELL = /bin/sh
          FOO = foo
          all:
                  @echo $(SHELL)
                  @echo $(FOO)
          % env SHELL=/bin/tcsh FOO=bar make -e   # OSF1 V4.0 Make
          /bin/tcsh
          bar
          % env SHELL=/bin/tcsh FOO=bar gmake -e  # GNU make
          /bin/sh
          bar

Comments in rules
     Never put comments in a rule.

     Some `make' treat anything starting with a tab as a command for
     the current rule, even if the tab is immediately followed by a `#'.
     The `make' from Tru64 Unix V5.1 is one of them.  The following
     `Makefile' will run `# foo' through the shell.

          all:
                  # foo

The `obj/' subdirectory.
     Never name one of your subdirectories `obj/' if you don't like
     surprises.

     If an `obj/' directory exists, BSD `make' will enter it before
     reading `Makefile'.  Hence the `Makefile' in the current directory
     will not be read.

          % cat Makefile
          all:
                  echo Hello
          % cat obj/Makefile
          all:
                  echo World
          % make      # GNU make
          echo Hello
          Hello
          % pmake     # BSD make
          echo World
          World

`make -k'
     Do not rely on the exit status of `make -k'.  Some implementations
     reflect whether they encountered an error in their exit status;
     other implementations always succeed.

          % cat Makefile
          all:
                  false
          % make -k; echo exit status: $?    # GNU make
          false
          make: *** [all] Error 1
          exit status: 2
          % pmake -k; echo exit status: $?   # BSD make
          false
          *** Error code 1 (continuing)
          exit status: 0

`VPATH'
     There is no `VPATH' support specified in POSIX.  Many `make's have
     a form of `VPATH' support, but its implementation is not
     consistent amongst `make's.

     Maybe the best suggestion to give to people who need the `VPATH'
     feature is to choose a `make' implementation and stick to it.
     Since the resulting `Makefile's are not portable anyway, better
     choose a portable `make' (hint, hint).

     Here are a couple of known issues with some `VPATH'
     implementations.

    `VPATH' and double-colon rules
          Any assignment to `VPATH' causes Sun `make' to only execute
          the first set of double-colon rules.  (This comment has been
          here since 1994 and the context has been lost.  It's probably
          about SunOS 4.  If you can reproduce this, please send us a
          test case for illustration.)

    `$<' in inference rules:
          One implementation of `make' would not prefix `$<' if this
          prerequisite has been found in a `VPATH' dir.  This means that

               VPATH = ../src
               .c.o:
                       cc -c $< -o $@

          would run `cc -c foo.c -o foo.o', even if `foo.c' was actually
          found in `../src/'.

          This can be fixed as follows.

               VPATH = ../src
               .c.o:
                       cc -c `test -f $< || echo ../src/`$< -o $@

          This kludge was introduced in Automake in 2000, but the exact
          context have been lost.  If you know which `make'
          implementation is involved here, please drop us a note.

    `$<' not supported in explicit rules
          As said elsewhere, using `$<' in explicit rules is not
          portable.  The prerequisite file must be named explicitly in
          the rule.  If you want to find the prerequisite via a `VPATH'
          search, you have to code the whole thing manually.  For
          instance, using the same pattern as above:

               VPATH = ../src
               foo.o: foo.c
                       cc -c `test -f foo.c || echo ../src/`foo.c -o foo.o

    Automatic rule rewriting
          Some `make' implementations, such as SunOS `make', will
          search prerequisites in `VPATH' and rewrite all their
          occurrences in the rule appropriately.

          For instance

               VPATH = ../src
               foo.o: foo.c
                       cc -c foo.c -o foo.o

          would execute `cc -c ../src/foo.c -o foo.o' if `foo.c' was
          found in `../src'.  That sounds great.

          However, for the sake of other `make' implementations, we
          can't rely on this, and we have to search `VPATH' manually:

               VPATH = ../src
               foo.o: foo.c
                       cc -c `test -f foo.c || echo ../src/`foo.c -o foo.o

          However the "prerequisite rewriting" still applies here.  So
          if `foo.c' is in `../src', SunOS `make' will execute

               `cc -c `test -f ../src/foo.c || echo ../src/`foo.c -o foo.o'

          which reduces to

               cc -c foo.c -o foo.o

          and thus fails.  Oops.

          One workaround is to make sure that foo.c never appears as a
          plain word in the rule.  For instance these three rules would
          be safe.

               VPATH = ../src
               foo.o: foo.c
                       cc -c `test -f ./foo.c || echo ../src/`foo.c -o foo.o
               foo2.o: foo2.c
                       cc -c `test -f 'foo2.c' || echo ../src/`foo2.c -o foo2.o
               foo3.o: foo3.c
                       cc -c `test -f "foo3.c" || echo ../src/`foo3.c -o foo3.o

          Things get worse when your prerequisites are in a macro.

               VPATH = ../src
               HEADERS = foo.h foo2.h foo3.h
               install-HEADERS: $(HEADERS)
                       for i in $(HEADERS); do \
                         $(INSTALL) -m 644 `test -f $$i || echo ../src/`$$i \
                           $(DESTDIR)$(includedir)/$$i; \
                       done

          The above `install-HEADERS' rule is not SunOS-proof because
          `for i in $(HEADERS);' will be expanded as `for i in foo.h
          foo2.h foo3.h;' where `foo.h' and `foo2.h' are plain words
          and are hence subject to `VPATH' adjustments.

          If the three files are in `../src', the rule is run as:

               for i in ../src/foo.h ../src/foo2.h foo3.h; do \
                 install -m 644 `test -f $i || echo ../src/`$i \
                    /usr/local/include/$i; \
               done

          where the two first `install' calls will fail.  For instance,
          consider the `foo.h' installation:

               install -m 644 `test -f ../src/foo.h || echo ../src/`../src/foo.h \
                 /usr/local/include/../src/foo.h;
          It reduces to:

               install -m 644 ../src/foo.h /usr/local/include/../src/foo.h;

          Note that the manual `VPATH' search did not cause any
          problems here; however this command installs `foo.h' in an
          incorrect directory.

          Trying to quote `$(HEADERS)' in some way, as we did for
          `foo.c' a few `Makefile's ago, does not help:

               install-HEADERS: $(HEADERS)
                       headers='$(HEADERS)'; for i in $$headers; do \
                         $(INSTALL) -m 644 `test -f $$i || echo ../src/`$$i \
                           $(DESTDIR)$(includedir)/$$i; \
                       done

          Indeed, `headers='$(HEADERS)'' expands to `headers='foo.h
          foo2.h foo3.h'' where `foo2.h' is still a plain word.
          (Aside: the `headers='$(HEADERS)'; for i in $$headers;' idiom
          is a good idea if `$(HEADERS)' can be empty, because some
          shell produce a syntax error on `for i in;'.)

          One workaround is to strip this unwanted `../src/' prefix
          manually:
               VPATH = ../src
               HEADERS = foo.h foo2.h foo3.h
               install-HEADERS: $(HEADERS)
                       headers='$(HEADERS)'; for i in $$headers; do \
                         i=`expr "$$i" : '../src/\(.*\)'`;
                         $(INSTALL) -m 644 `test -f $$i || echo ../src/`$$i \
                           $(DESTDIR)$(includedir)/$$i; \
                       done

    OSF/Tru64 `make' creates prerequisite directories magically
          When a prerequisite is a sub-directory of `VPATH', Tru64
          `make' will create it in the current directory.

               % mkdir -p foo/bar build
               % cd build
               % cat >Makefile <<END
               VPATH = ..
               all: foo/bar
               END
               % make
               mkdir foo
               mkdir foo/bar

          This can yield unexpected results if a rule uses a manual
          `VPATH' search as presented before.

               VPATH = ..
               all : foo/bar
                       command `test -d foo/bar || echo ../`foo/bar

          The above `command' will be run on the empty `foo/bar'
          directory that was created in the current directory.

    target lookup
          GNU `make' uses a rather complex algorithm to decide when it
          should use files found via a `VPATH' search.  *Note How
          Directory Searches are Performed: (make)Search Algorithm.

          If a target needs to be rebuilt, GNU `make' discards the
          filename found during the `VPATH' search for this target, and
          builds the file locally using the filename given in the
          `Makefile'.  If a target does not need to be rebuilt, GNU
          `make' uses the filename found during the `VPATH' search.

          Other `make' implementations, like BSD `make', are easier to
          describe: the filename found during the `VPATH' search will
          be used whether the target needs to be rebuilt or not.
          Therefore new files are created locally, but existing files
          are updated at their `VPATH' location.

          When attempting a `VPATH' build for an autoconfiscated package
          (e.g, `mkdir build; ../configure'), this means the GNU `make'
          will build everything locally in the `build' directory, while
          BSD `make' will build new files locally and update existing
          files in the source directory.

               % cat Makefile
               VPATH = ..
               all: foo.x bar.x
               foo.x bar.x: newer.x
                       @echo Building $@
               % touch ../bar.x
               % touch ../newer.x
               % make        # GNU make
               Building foo.x
               Building bar.x
               % pmake       # BSD make
               Building foo.x
               Building ../bar.x

          Another point worth mentioning is that once GNU `make' has
          decided to ignore a `VPATH' filename (e.g., it ignored
          `../bar.x' in the above example) it will continue to ignore
          it when the target occurs as a prerequisite of another rule.

          The following example shows that GNU `make' does not look up
          `bar.x' in `VPATH' before performing the `.x.y' rule, because
          it ignored the `VPATH' result of `bar.x' while running the
          `bar.x: newer.x' rule.

               % cat Makefile
               VPATH = ..
               all: bar.y
               bar.x: newer.x
                       @echo Building $@
               .SUFFIXES: .x .y
               .x.y:
                       cp $< $@
               % touch ../bar.x
               % touch ../newer.x
               % make        # GNU make
               Building bar.x
               cp bar.x bar.y
               cp: cannot stat `bar.x': No such file or directory
               make: *** [bar.y] Error 1
               % pmake       # BSD make
               Building ../bar.x
               cp ../bar.x bar.y

          Note that if you drop away the command from the `bar.x:
          newer.x' rule, things will magically start to work: GNU
          `make' knows that `bar.x' hasn't been updated, therefore it
          doesn't discard the result from `VPATH' (`../bar.x') in
          succeeding uses.

               % cat Makefile
               VPATH = ..
               all: bar.y
               bar.x: newer.x
               .SUFFIXES: .x .y
               .x.y:
                       cp $< $@
               % touch ../bar.x
               % touch ../newer.x
               % make        # GNU make
               cp ../bar.x bar.y
               % rm bar.y
               % pmake       # BSD make
               cp ../bar.x bar.y

Single Suffix Rules and Separated Dependencies
     A "Single Suffix Rule" is basically a usual suffix (inference) rule
     (`.from.to:'), but which _destination_ suffix is empty (`.from:').

     "Separated dependencies" simply refers to listing the prerequisite
     of a target, without defining a rule.  Usually one can list on the
     one hand side, the rules, and on the other hand side, the
     dependencies.

     Solaris `make' does not support separated dependencies for targets
     defined by single suffix rules:

          $ cat Makefile
          .SUFFIXES: .in
          foo: foo.in
          .in:
                  cp $< $ $ touch foo.in
          $ make
          $ ls
          Makefile  foo.in

     while GNU Make does:

          $ gmake
          cp foo.in foo
          $ ls
          Makefile  foo       foo.in

     Note it works without the `foo: foo.in' dependency.

          $ cat Makefile
          .SUFFIXES: .in
          .in:
                  cp $< $ $ make foo
          cp foo.in foo

     and it works with double suffix inference rules:

          $ cat Makefile
          foo.out: foo.in
          .SUFFIXES: .in .out
          .in.out:
                  cp $< $ $ make
          cp foo.in foo.out

     As a result, in such a case, you have to write target rules.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Manual Configuration,  Next: Site Configuration,  Prev: Portable Shell,  Up: Top

11 Manual Configuration
***********************

A few kinds of features can't be guessed automatically by running test
programs.  For example, the details of the object-file format, or
special options that need to be passed to the compiler or linker.  You
can check for such features using ad-hoc means, such as having
`configure' check the output of the `uname' program, or looking for
libraries that are unique to particular systems.  However, Autoconf
provides a uniform method for handling unguessable features.

* Menu:

* Specifying Names::            Specifying the system type
* Canonicalizing::              Getting the canonical system type
* Using System Type::           What to do with the system type


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Specifying Names,  Next: Canonicalizing,  Up: Manual Configuration

11.1 Specifying the System Type
===============================

Like other GNU `configure' scripts, Autoconf-generated `configure'
scripts can make decisions based on a canonical name for the system
type, which has the form: `CPU-VENDOR-OS', where OS can be `SYSTEM' or
`KERNEL-SYSTEM'

   `configure' can usually guess the canonical name for the type of
system it's running on.  To do so it runs a script called
`config.guess', which infers the name using the `uname' command or
symbols predefined by the C preprocessor.

   Alternately, the user can specify the system type with command line
arguments to `configure'.  Doing so is necessary when cross-compiling.
In the most complex case of cross-compiling, three system types are
involved.  The options to specify them are:

`--build=BUILD-TYPE'
     the type of system on which the package is being configured and
     compiled.  It defaults to the result of running `config.guess'.

`--host=HOST-TYPE'
     the type of system on which the package will run.  By default it
     is the same as the build machine.  Specifying it enables the
     cross-compilation mode.

`--target=TARGET-TYPE'
     the type of system for which any compiler tools in the package will
     produce code (rarely needed).  By default, it is the same as host.

   If you mean to override the result of `config.guess', use `--build',
not `--host', since the latter enables cross-compilation.  For
historical reasons, passing `--host' also changes the build type.
Therefore, whenever you specify `--host', be sure to specify `--build'
too.  This will be fixed in the future.

     ./configure --build=i686-pc-linux-gnu --host=m68k-coff

will enter cross-compilation mode, but `configure' will fail if it
can't run the code generated by the specified compiler if you configure
as follows:

     ./configure CC=m68k-coff-gcc

   `configure' recognizes short aliases for many system types; for
example, `decstation' can be used instead of `mips-dec-ultrix4.2'.
`configure' runs a script called `config.sub' to canonicalize system
type aliases.

   This section deliberately omits the description of the obsolete
interface; see *Note Hosts and Cross-Compilation::.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Canonicalizing,  Next: Using System Type,  Prev: Specifying Names,  Up: Manual Configuration

11.2 Getting the Canonical System Type
======================================

The following macros make the system type available to `configure'
scripts.

   The variables `build_alias', `host_alias', and `target_alias' are
always exactly the arguments of `--build', `--host', and `--target'; in
particular, they are left empty if the user did not use them, even if
the corresponding `AC_CANONICAL' macro was run.  Any configure script
may use these variables anywhere.  These are the variables that should
be used when in interaction with the user.

   If you need to recognize some special environments based on their
system type, run the following macros to get canonical system names.
These variables are not set before the macro call.

   If you use these macros, you must distribute `config.guess' and
`config.sub' along with your source code.  *Note Output::, for
information about the `AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR' macro which you can use to
control in which directory `configure' looks for those scripts.

 -- Macro: AC_CANONICAL_BUILD
     Compute the canonical build-system type variable, `build', and its
     three individual parts `build_cpu', `build_vendor', and `build_os'.

     If `--build' was specified, then `build' is the canonicalization
     of `build_alias' by `config.sub', otherwise it is determined by
     the shell script `config.guess'.

 -- Macro: AC_CANONICAL_HOST
     Compute the canonical host-system type variable, `host', and its
     three individual parts `host_cpu', `host_vendor', and `host_os'.

     If `--host' was specified, then `host' is the canonicalization of
     `host_alias' by `config.sub', otherwise it defaults to `build'.

 -- Macro: AC_CANONICAL_TARGET
     Compute the canonical target-system type variable, `target', and
     its three individual parts `target_cpu', `target_vendor', and
     `target_os'.

     If `--target' was specified, then `target' is the canonicalization
     of `target_alias' by `config.sub', otherwise it defaults to `host'.

   Note that there can be artifacts due to the backward compatibility
code.  See *Note Hosts and Cross-Compilation::, for more.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Using System Type,  Prev: Canonicalizing,  Up: Manual Configuration

11.3 Using the System Type
==========================

How do you use a canonical system type?  Usually, you use it in one or
more `case' statements in `configure.ac' to select system-specific C
files.  Then, using `AC_CONFIG_LINKS', link those files which have
names based on the system name, to generic names, such as `host.h' or
`target.c' (*note Configuration Links::).  The `case' statement
patterns can use shell wild cards to group several cases together, like
in this fragment:

     case $target in
     i386-*-mach* | i386-*-gnu*)
                  obj_format=aout emulation=mach bfd_gas=yes ;;
     i960-*-bout) obj_format=bout ;;
     esac

and later in `configure.ac', use:

     AC_CONFIG_LINKS(host.h:config/$machine.h
                     object.h:config/$obj_format.h)

   Note that the above example uses `$target' because it's taken from a
tool which can be built on some architecture (`$build'), run on another
(`$host'), but yet handle data for a third architecture (`$target').
Such tools are usually part of a compiler suite, they generate code for
a specific `$target'.

   However `$target' should be meaningless for most packages.  If you
want to base a decision on the system where your program will be run,
make sure you use the `$host' variable, as in the following excerpt:

     case $host in
       *-*-msdos* | *-*-go32* | *-*-mingw32* | *-*-cygwin* | *-*-windows*)
         MUMBLE_INIT="mumble.ini"
         ;;
       *)
         MUMBLE_INIT=".mumbleinit"
         ;;
     esac
     AC_SUBST([MUMBLE_INIT])

   You can also use the host system type to find cross-compilation
tools.  *Note Generic Programs::, for information about the
`AC_CHECK_TOOL' macro which does that.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Site Configuration,  Next: Running configure Scripts,  Prev: Manual Configuration,  Up: Top

12 Site Configuration
*********************

`configure' scripts support several kinds of local configuration
decisions.  There are ways for users to specify where external software
packages are, include or exclude optional features, install programs
under modified names, and set default values for `configure' options.

* Menu:

* External Software::           Working with other optional software
* Package Options::             Selecting optional features
* Pretty Help Strings::         Formatting help string
* Site Details::                Configuring site details
* Transforming Names::          Changing program names when installing
* Site Defaults::               Giving `configure' local defaults


File: autoconf.info,  Node: External Software,  Next: Package Options,  Up: Site Configuration

12.1 Working With External Software
===================================

Some packages require, or can optionally use, other software packages
that are already installed.  The user can give `configure' command line
options to specify which such external software to use.  The options
have one of these forms:

     --with-PACKAGE[=ARG]
     --without-PACKAGE

   For example, `--with-gnu-ld' means work with the GNU linker instead
of some other linker.  `--with-x' means work with The X Window System.

   The user can give an argument by following the package name with `='
and the argument.  Giving an argument of `no' is for packages that are
used by default; it says to _not_ use the package.  An argument that is
neither `yes' nor `no' could include a name or number of a version of
the other package, to specify more precisely which other package this
program is supposed to work with.  If no argument is given, it defaults
to `yes'.  `--without-PACKAGE' is equivalent to `--with-PACKAGE=no'.

   `configure' scripts do not complain about `--with-PACKAGE' options
that they do not support.  This behavior permits configuring a source
tree containing multiple packages with a top-level `configure' script
when the packages support different options, without spurious error
messages about options that some of the packages support.  An
unfortunate side effect is that option spelling errors are not
diagnosed.  No better approach to this problem has been suggested so
far.

   For each external software package that may be used, `configure.ac'
should call `AC_ARG_WITH' to detect whether the `configure' user asked
to use it.  Whether each package is used or not by default, and which
arguments are valid, is up to you.

 -- Macro: AC_ARG_WITH (PACKAGE, HELP-STRING, [ACTION-IF-GIVEN],
          [ACTION-IF-NOT-GIVEN])
     If the user gave `configure' the option `--with-PACKAGE' or
     `--without-PACKAGE', run shell commands ACTION-IF-GIVEN.  If
     neither option was given, run shell commands ACTION-IF-NOT-GIVEN.
     The name PACKAGE indicates another software package that this
     program should work with.  It should consist only of alphanumeric
     characters and dashes.

     The option's argument is available to the shell commands
     ACTION-IF-GIVEN in the shell variable `withval', which is actually
     just the value of the shell variable `with_PACKAGE', with any `-'
     characters changed into `_'.  You may use that variable instead,
     if you wish.

     The argument HELP-STRING is a description of the option that looks
     like this:
            --with-readline         support fancy command line editing

     HELP-STRING may be more than one line long, if more detail is
     needed.  Just make sure the columns line up in `configure --help'.
     Avoid tabs in the help string.  You'll need to enclose the help
     string in `[' and `]' in order to produce the leading spaces.

     You should format your HELP-STRING with the macro `AC_HELP_STRING'
     (*note Pretty Help Strings::).

 -- Macro: AC_WITH (PACKAGE, ACTION-IF-GIVEN, [ACTION-IF-NOT-GIVEN])
     This is an obsolete version of `AC_ARG_WITH' that does not support
     providing a help string.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Package Options,  Next: Pretty Help Strings,  Prev: External Software,  Up: Site Configuration

12.2 Choosing Package Options
=============================

If a software package has optional compile-time features, the user can
give `configure' command line options to specify whether to compile
them.  The options have one of these forms:

     --enable-FEATURE[=ARG]
     --disable-FEATURE

   These options allow users to choose which optional features to build
and install.  `--enable-FEATURE' options should never make a feature
behave differently or cause one feature to replace another.  They
should only cause parts of the program to be built rather than left out.

   The user can give an argument by following the feature name with `='
and the argument.  Giving an argument of `no' requests that the feature
_not_ be made available.  A feature with an argument looks like
`--enable-debug=stabs'.  If no argument is given, it defaults to `yes'.
`--disable-FEATURE' is equivalent to `--enable-FEATURE=no'.

   `configure' scripts do not complain about `--enable-FEATURE' options
that they do not support.  This behavior permits configuring a source
tree containing multiple packages with a top-level `configure' script
when the packages support different options, without spurious error
messages about options that some of the packages support.  An
unfortunate side effect is that option spelling errors are not
diagnosed.  No better approach to this problem has been suggested so
far.

   For each optional feature, `configure.ac' should call
`AC_ARG_ENABLE' to detect whether the `configure' user asked to include
it.  Whether each feature is included or not by default, and which
arguments are valid, is up to you.

 -- Macro: AC_ARG_ENABLE (FEATURE, HELP-STRING, [ACTION-IF-GIVEN],
          [ACTION-IF-NOT-GIVEN])
     If the user gave `configure' the option `--enable-FEATURE' or
     `--disable-FEATURE', run shell commands ACTION-IF-GIVEN.  If
     neither option was given, run shell commands ACTION-IF-NOT-GIVEN.
     The name FEATURE indicates an optional user-level facility.  It
     should consist only of alphanumeric characters and dashes.

     The option's argument is available to the shell commands
     ACTION-IF-GIVEN in the shell variable `enableval', which is
     actually just the value of the shell variable `enable_FEATURE',
     with any `-' characters changed into `_'.  You may use that
     variable instead, if you wish.  The HELP-STRING argument is like
     that of `AC_ARG_WITH' (*note External Software::).

     You should format your HELP-STRING with the macro `AC_HELP_STRING'
     (*note Pretty Help Strings::).

 -- Macro: AC_ENABLE (FEATURE, ACTION-IF-GIVEN, [ACTION-IF-NOT-GIVEN])
     This is an obsolete version of `AC_ARG_ENABLE' that does not
     support providing a help string.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Pretty Help Strings,  Next: Site Details,  Prev: Package Options,  Up: Site Configuration

12.3 Making Your Help Strings Look Pretty
=========================================

Properly formatting the `help strings' which are used in `AC_ARG_WITH'
(*note External Software::) and `AC_ARG_ENABLE' (*note Package
Options::) can be challenging.  Specifically, you want your own `help
strings' to line up in the appropriate columns of `configure --help'
just like the standard Autoconf `help strings' do.  This is the purpose
of the `AC_HELP_STRING' macro.

 -- Macro: AC_HELP_STRING (LEFT-HAND-SIDE, RIGHT-HAND-SIDE)
     Expands into an help string that looks pretty when the user
     executes `configure --help'.  It is typically used in `AC_ARG_WITH'
     (*note External Software::) or `AC_ARG_ENABLE' (*note Package
     Options::).  The following example will make this clearer.

          AC_DEFUN([TEST_MACRO],
          [AC_ARG_WITH([foo],
                       AC_HELP_STRING([--with-foo],
                                      [use foo (default is NO)]),
                       [ac_cv_use_foo=$withval], [ac_cv_use_foo=no])
          AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether to use foo],
                         [ac_cv_use_foo], [ac_cv_use_foo=no])])

     Please note that the call to `AC_HELP_STRING' is *unquoted*.  Then
     the last few lines of `configure --help' will appear like this:

          --enable and --with options recognized:
            --with-foo              use foo (default is NO)

     The `AC_HELP_STRING' macro is particularly helpful when the
     LEFT-HAND-SIDE and/or RIGHT-HAND-SIDE are composed of macro
     arguments, as shown in the following example.

          AC_DEFUN(MY_ARG_WITH,
          [AC_ARG_WITH([$1],
                       AC_HELP_STRING([--with-$1], [use $1 (default is $2)]),
                       ac_cv_use_$1=$withval, ac_cv_use_$1=no),
          AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether to use $1, ac_cv_use_$1, ac_cv_use_$1=$2)])


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Site Details,  Next: Transforming Names,  Prev: Pretty Help Strings,  Up: Site Configuration

12.4 Configuring Site Details
=============================

Some software packages require complex site-specific information.  Some
examples are host names to use for certain services, company names, and
email addresses to contact.  Since some configuration scripts generated
by Metaconfig ask for such information interactively, people sometimes
wonder how to get that information in Autoconf-generated configuration
scripts, which aren't interactive.

   Such site configuration information should be put in a file that is
edited _only by users_, not by programs.  The location of the file can
either be based on the `prefix' variable, or be a standard location
such as the user's home directory.  It could even be specified by an
environment variable.  The programs should examine that file at run
time, rather than at compile time.  Run-time configuration is more
convenient for users and makes the configuration process simpler than
getting the information while configuring.  *Note Variables for
Installation Directories: (standards)Directory Variables, for more
information on where to put data files.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Transforming Names,  Next: Site Defaults,  Prev: Site Details,  Up: Site Configuration

12.5 Transforming Program Names When Installing
===============================================

Autoconf supports changing the names of programs when installing them.
In order to use these transformations, `configure.ac' must call the
macro `AC_ARG_PROGRAM'.

 -- Macro: AC_ARG_PROGRAM
     Place in output variable `program_transform_name' a sequence of
     `sed' commands for changing the names of installed programs.

     If any of the options described below are given to `configure',
     program names are transformed accordingly.  Otherwise, if
     `AC_CANONICAL_TARGET' has been called and a `--target' value is
     given, the target type followed by a dash is used as a prefix.
     Otherwise, no program name transformation is done.

* Menu:

* Transformation Options::      `configure' options to transform names
* Transformation Examples::     Sample uses of transforming names
* Transformation Rules::        `Makefile' uses of transforming names


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Transformation Options,  Next: Transformation Examples,  Up: Transforming Names

12.5.1 Transformation Options
-----------------------------

You can specify name transformations by giving `configure' these
command line options:

`--program-prefix=PREFIX'
     prepend PREFIX to the names;

`--program-suffix=SUFFIX'
     append SUFFIX to the names;

`--program-transform-name=EXPRESSION'
     perform `sed' substitution EXPRESSION on the names.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Transformation Examples,  Next: Transformation Rules,  Prev: Transformation Options,  Up: Transforming Names

12.5.2 Transformation Examples
------------------------------

These transformations are useful with programs that can be part of a
cross-compilation development environment.  For example, a
cross-assembler running on a Sun 4 configured with
`--target=i960-vxworks' is normally installed as `i960-vxworks-as',
rather than `as', which could be confused with a native Sun 4 assembler.

   You can force a program name to begin with `g', if you don't want
GNU programs installed on your system to shadow other programs with the
same name.  For example, if you configure GNU `diff' with
`--program-prefix=g', then when you run `make install' it is installed
as `/usr/local/bin/gdiff'.

   As a more sophisticated example, you could use

     --program-transform-name='s/^/g/; s/^gg/g/; s/^gless/less/'
   to prepend `g' to most of the program names in a source tree,
excepting those like `gdb' that already have one and those like `less'
and `lesskey' that aren't GNU programs.  (That is assuming that you
have a source tree containing those programs that is set up to use this
feature.)

   One way to install multiple versions of some programs simultaneously
is to append a version number to the name of one or both.  For example,
if you want to keep Autoconf version 1 around for awhile, you can
configure Autoconf version 2 using `--program-suffix=2' to install the
programs as `/usr/local/bin/autoconf2', `/usr/local/bin/autoheader2',
etc.  Nevertheless, pay attention that only the binaries are renamed,
therefore you'd have problems with the library files which might
overlap.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Transformation Rules,  Prev: Transformation Examples,  Up: Transforming Names

12.5.3 Transformation Rules
---------------------------

Here is how to use the variable `program_transform_name' in a
`Makefile.in':

     PROGRAMS = cp ls rm
     transform = @program_transform_name@
     install:
             for p in $(PROGRAMS); do \
               $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) $$p $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/`echo $$p | \
                                                   sed '$(transform)'`; \
             done

     uninstall:
             for p in $(PROGRAMS); do \
               rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/`echo $$p | sed '$(transform)'`; \
             done

   It is guaranteed that `program_transform_name' is never empty, and
that there are no useless separators.  Therefore you may safely embed
`program_transform_name' within a sed program using `;':

     transform = @program_transform_name@
     transform_exe = s/$(EXEEXT)$$//;$(transform);s/$$/$(EXEEXT)/

   Whether to do the transformations on documentation files (Texinfo or
`man') is a tricky question; there seems to be no perfect answer, due
to the several reasons for name transforming.  Documentation is not
usually particular to a specific architecture, and Texinfo files do not
conflict with system documentation.  But they might conflict with
earlier versions of the same files, and `man' pages sometimes do
conflict with system documentation.  As a compromise, it is probably
best to do name transformations on `man' pages but not on Texinfo
manuals.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Site Defaults,  Prev: Transforming Names,  Up: Site Configuration

12.6 Setting Site Defaults
==========================

Autoconf-generated `configure' scripts allow your site to provide
default values for some configuration values.  You do this by creating
site- and system-wide initialization files.

   If the environment variable `CONFIG_SITE' is set, `configure' uses
its value as the name of a shell script to read.  Otherwise, it reads
the shell script `PREFIX/share/config.site' if it exists, then
`PREFIX/etc/config.site' if it exists.  Thus, settings in
machine-specific files override those in machine-independent ones in
case of conflict.

   Site files can be arbitrary shell scripts, but only certain kinds of
code are really appropriate to be in them.  Because `configure' reads
any cache file after it has read any site files, a site file can define
a default cache file to be shared between all Autoconf-generated
`configure' scripts run on that system (*note Cache Files::).  If you
set a default cache file in a site file, it is a good idea to also set
the output variable `CC' in that site file, because the cache file is
only valid for a particular compiler, but many systems have several
available.

   You can examine or override the value set by a command line option to
`configure' in a site file; options set shell variables that have the
same names as the options, with any dashes turned into underscores.
The exceptions are that `--without-' and `--disable-' options are like
giving the corresponding `--with-' or `--enable-' option and the value
`no'.  Thus, `--cache-file=localcache' sets the variable `cache_file'
to the value `localcache'; `--enable-warnings=no' or
`--disable-warnings' sets the variable `enable_warnings' to the value
`no'; `--prefix=/usr' sets the variable `prefix' to the value `/usr';
etc.

   Site files are also good places to set default values for other
output variables, such as `CFLAGS', if you need to give them non-default
values: anything you would normally do, repetitively, on the command
line.  If you use non-default values for PREFIX or EXEC_PREFIX
(wherever you locate the site file), you can set them in the site file
if you specify it with the `CONFIG_SITE' environment variable.

   You can set some cache values in the site file itself.  Doing this is
useful if you are cross-compiling, where it is impossible to check
features that require running a test program.  You could "prime the
cache" by setting those values correctly for that system in
`PREFIX/etc/config.site'.  To find out the names of the cache variables
you need to set, look for shell variables with `_cv_' in their names in
the affected `configure' scripts, or in the Autoconf M4 source code for
those macros.

   The cache file is careful to not override any variables set in the
site files.  Similarly, you should not override command-line options in
the site files.  Your code should check that variables such as `prefix'
and `cache_file' have their default values (as set near the top of
`configure') before changing them.

   Here is a sample file `/usr/share/local/gnu/share/config.site'.  The
command `configure --prefix=/usr/share/local/gnu' would read this file
(if `CONFIG_SITE' is not set to a different file).

     # config.site for configure
     #
     # Change some defaults.
     test "$prefix" = NONE && prefix=/usr/share/local/gnu
     test "$exec_prefix" = NONE && exec_prefix=/usr/local/gnu
     test "$sharedstatedir" = '$prefix/com' && sharedstatedir=/var
     test "$localstatedir" = '$prefix/var' && localstatedir=/var

     # Give Autoconf 2.x generated configure scripts a shared default
     # cache file for feature test results, architecture-specific.
     if test "$cache_file" = /dev/null; then
       cache_file="$prefix/var/config.cache"
       # A cache file is only valid for one C compiler.
       CC=gcc
     fi


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Running configure Scripts,  Next: config.status Invocation,  Prev: Site Configuration,  Up: Top

13 Running `configure' Scripts
******************************

Below are instructions on how to configure a package that uses a
`configure' script, suitable for inclusion as an `INSTALL' file in the
package.  A plain-text version of `INSTALL' which you may use comes
with Autoconf.

* Menu:

* Basic Installation::          Instructions for typical cases
* Compilers and Options::       Selecting compilers and optimization
* Multiple Architectures::      Compiling for multiple architectures at once
* Installation Names::          Installing in different directories
* Optional Features::           Selecting optional features
* System Type::                 Specifying the system type
* Sharing Defaults::            Setting site-wide defaults for `configure'
* Defining Variables::          Specifying the compiler etc.
* configure Invocation::        Changing how `configure' runs


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Basic Installation,  Next: Compilers and Options,  Up: Running configure Scripts

13.1 Basic Installation
=======================

These are generic installation instructions.

   The `configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for
various system-dependent variables used during compilation.  It uses
those values to create a `Makefile' in each directory of the package.
It may also create one or more `.h' files containing system-dependent
definitions.  Finally, it creates a shell script `config.status' that
you can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, and a
file `config.log' containing compiler output (useful mainly for
debugging `configure').

   It can also use an optional file (typically called `config.cache'
and enabled with `--cache-file=config.cache' or simply `-C') that saves
the results of its tests to speed up reconfiguring.  (Caching is
disabled by default to prevent problems with accidental use of stale
cache files.)

   If you need to do unusual things to compile the package, please try
to figure out how `configure' could check whether to do them, and mail
diffs or instructions to the address given in the `README' so they can
be considered for the next release.  If you are using the cache, and at
some point `config.cache' contains results you don't want to keep, you
may remove or edit it.

   The file `configure.ac' (or `configure.in') is used to create
`configure' by a program called `autoconf'.  You only need
`configure.ac' if you want to change it or regenerate `configure' using
a newer version of `autoconf'.

The simplest way to compile this package is:

  1. `cd' to the directory containing the package's source code and type
     `./configure' to configure the package for your system.  If you're
     using `csh' on an old version of System V, you might need to type
     `sh ./configure' instead to prevent `csh' from trying to execute
     `configure' itself.

     Running `configure' takes awhile.  While running, it prints some
     messages telling which features it is checking for.

  2. Type `make' to compile the package.

  3. Optionally, type `make check' to run any self-tests that come with
     the package.

  4. Type `make install' to install the programs and any data files and
     documentation.

  5. You can remove the program binaries and object files from the
     source code directory by typing `make clean'.  To also remove the
     files that `configure' created (so you can compile the package for
     a different kind of computer), type `make distclean'.  There is
     also a `make maintainer-clean' target, but that is intended mainly
     for the package's developers.  If you use it, you may have to get
     all sorts of other programs in order to regenerate files that came
     with the distribution.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Compilers and Options,  Next: Multiple Architectures,  Prev: Basic Installation,  Up: Running configure Scripts

13.2 Compilers and Options
==========================

Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking that the
`configure' script does not know about.  Run `./configure --help' for
details on some of the pertinent environment variables.

   You can give `configure' initial values for configuration parameters
by setting variables in the command line or in the environment.  Here
is an example:

     ./configure CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix

   *Note Defining Variables::, for more details.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Multiple Architectures,  Next: Installation Names,  Prev: Compilers and Options,  Up: Running configure Scripts

13.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures
=========================================

You can compile the package for more than one kind of computer at the
same time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their
own directory.  To do this, you must use a version of `make' that
supports the `VPATH' variable, such as GNU `make'.  `cd' to the
directory where you want the object files and executables to go and run
the `configure' script.  `configure' automatically checks for the
source code in the directory that `configure' is in and in `..'.

   If you have to use a `make' that does not support the `VPATH'
variable, you have to compile the package for one architecture at a
time in the source code directory.  After you have installed the
package for one architecture, use `make distclean' before reconfiguring
for another architecture.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Installation Names,  Next: Optional Features,  Prev: Multiple Architectures,  Up: Running configure Scripts

13.4 Installation Names
=======================

By default, `make install' will install the package's files in
`/usr/local/bin', `/usr/local/man', etc.  You can specify an
installation prefix other than `/usr/local' by giving `configure' the
option `--prefix=PATH'.

   You can specify separate installation prefixes for
architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files.  If you
give `configure' the option `--exec-prefix=PATH', the package will use
PATH as the prefix for installing programs and libraries.
Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix.

   In addition, if you use an unusual directory layout you can give
options like `--bindir=PATH' to specify different values for particular
kinds of files.  Run `configure --help' for a list of the directories
you can set and what kinds of files go in them.

   If the package supports it, you can cause programs to be installed
with an extra prefix or suffix on their names by giving `configure' the
option `--program-prefix=PREFIX' or `--program-suffix=SUFFIX'.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Optional Features,  Next: System Type,  Prev: Installation Names,  Up: Running configure Scripts

13.5 Optional Features
======================

Some packages pay attention to `--enable-FEATURE' options to
`configure', where FEATURE indicates an optional part of the package.
They may also pay attention to `--with-PACKAGE' options, where PACKAGE
is something like `gnu-as' or `x' (for the X Window System).  The
`README' should mention any `--enable-' and `--with-' options that the
package recognizes.

   For packages that use the X Window System, `configure' can usually
find the X include and library files automatically, but if it doesn't,
you can use the `configure' options `--x-includes=DIR' and
`--x-libraries=DIR' to specify their locations.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: System Type,  Next: Sharing Defaults,  Prev: Optional Features,  Up: Running configure Scripts

13.6 Specifying the System Type
===============================

There may be some features `configure' cannot figure out automatically,
but needs to determine by the type of machine the package will run on.
Usually, assuming the package is built to be run on the _same_
architectures, `configure' can figure that out, but if it prints a
message saying it cannot guess the machine type, give it the
`--build=TYPE' option.  TYPE can either be a short name for the system
type, such as `sun4', or a canonical name which has the form:

     CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM

where SYSTEM can have one of these forms:

     OS KERNEL-OS

   See the file `config.sub' for the possible values of each field.  If
`config.sub' isn't included in this package, then this package doesn't
need to know the machine type.

   If you are _building_ compiler tools for cross-compiling, you should
use the `--target=TYPE' option to select the type of system they will
produce code for.

   If you want to _use_ a cross compiler, that generates code for a
platform different from the build platform, you should specify the
"host" platform (i.e., that on which the generated programs will
eventually be run) with `--host=TYPE'.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Sharing Defaults,  Next: Defining Variables,  Prev: System Type,  Up: Running configure Scripts

13.7 Sharing Defaults
=====================

If you want to set default values for `configure' scripts to share, you
can create a site shell script called `config.site' that gives default
values for variables like `CC', `cache_file', and `prefix'.
`configure' looks for `PREFIX/share/config.site' if it exists, then
`PREFIX/etc/config.site' if it exists.  Or, you can set the
`CONFIG_SITE' environment variable to the location of the site script.
A warning: not all `configure' scripts look for a site script.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Defining Variables,  Next: configure Invocation,  Prev: Sharing Defaults,  Up: Running configure Scripts

13.8 Defining Variables
=======================

Variables not defined in a site shell script can be set in the
environment passed to `configure'.  However, some packages may run
configure again during the build, and the customized values of these
variables may be lost.  In order to avoid this problem, you should set
them in the `configure' command line, using `VAR=value'.  For example:

     ./configure CC=/usr/local2/bin/gcc

will cause the specified gcc to be used as the C compiler (unless it is
overridden in the site shell script).


File: autoconf.info,  Node: configure Invocation,  Prev: Defining Variables,  Up: Running configure Scripts

13.9 `configure' Invocation
===========================

`configure' recognizes the following options to control how it operates.

`--help'
`-h'
     Print a summary of the options to `configure', and exit.

`--version'
`-V'
     Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the `configure'
     script, and exit.

`--cache-file=FILE'
     Enable the cache: use and save the results of the tests in FILE,
     traditionally `config.cache'.  FILE defaults to `/dev/null' to
     disable caching.

`--config-cache'
`-C'
     Alias for `--cache-file=config.cache'.

`--quiet'
`--silent'
`-q'
     Do not print messages saying which checks are being made.  To
     suppress all normal output, redirect it to `/dev/null' (any error
     messages will still be shown).

`--srcdir=DIR'
     Look for the package's source code in directory DIR.  Usually
     `configure' can determine that directory automatically.

`configure' also accepts some other, not widely useful, options.  Run
`configure --help' for more details.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: config.status Invocation,  Next: Obsolete Constructs,  Prev: Running configure Scripts,  Up: Top

14 Recreating a Configuration
*****************************

The `configure' script creates a file named `config.status', which
actually configures, "instantiates", the template files.  It also
records the configuration options that were specified when the package
was last configured in case reconfiguring is needed.

   Synopsis:
     ./config.status OPTION... [FILE...]

   It configures the FILES; if none are specified, all the templates
are instantiated.  The files must be specified without their
dependencies, as in

     ./config.status foobar

not

     ./config.status foobar:foo.in:bar.in

   The supported OPTIONs are:

`--help'
`-h'
     Print a summary of the command line options, the list of the
     template files, and exit.

`--version'
`-V'
     Print the version number of Autoconf and exit.

`--silent'
`--quiet'
`-q'
     Do not print progress messages.

`--debug'
`-d'
     Don't remove the temporary files.

`--file=FILE[:TEMPLATE]'
     Require that FILE be instantiated as if
     `AC_CONFIG_FILES(FILE:TEMPLATE)' was used.  Both FILE and TEMPLATE
     may be `-' in which case the standard output and/or standard
     input, respectively, is used.  If a TEMPLATE filename is relative,
     it is first looked for in the build tree, and then in the source
     tree.  *Note Configuration Actions::, for more details.

     This option and the following ones provide one way for separately
     distributed packages to share the values computed by `configure'.
     Doing so can be useful if some of the packages need a superset of
     the features that one of them, perhaps a common library, does.
     These options allow a `config.status' file to create files other
     than the ones that its `configure.ac' specifies, so it can be used
     for a different package.

`--header=FILE[:TEMPLATE]'
     Same as `--file' above, but with `AC_CONFIG_HEADERS'.

`--recheck'
     Ask `config.status' to update itself and exit (no instantiation).
     This option is useful if you change `configure', so that the
     results of some tests might be different from the previous run.
     The `--recheck' option re-runs `configure' with the same arguments
     you used before, plus the `--no-create' option, which prevents
     `configure' from running `config.status' and creating `Makefile'
     and other files, and the `--no-recursion' option, which prevents
     `configure' from running other `configure' scripts in
     subdirectories.  (This is so other `Makefile' rules can run
     `config.status' when it changes; *note Automatic Remaking::, for
     an example).

   `config.status' checks several optional environment variables that
can alter its behavior:

 -- Variable: CONFIG_SHELL
     The shell with which to run `configure' for the `--recheck'
     option.  It must be Bourne-compatible.  The default is a shell that
     supports `LINENO' if available, and `/bin/sh' otherwise.

 -- Variable: CONFIG_STATUS
     The file name to use for the shell script that records the
     configuration.  The default is `./config.status'.  This variable is
     useful when one package uses parts of another and the `configure'
     scripts shouldn't be merged because they are maintained separately.

   You can use `./config.status' in your Makefiles.  For example, in
the dependencies given above (*note Automatic Remaking::),
`config.status' is run twice when `configure.ac' has changed.  If that
bothers you, you can make each run only regenerate the files for that
rule:
     config.h: stamp-h
     stamp-h: config.h.in config.status
             ./config.status config.h
             echo > stamp-h

     Makefile: Makefile.in config.status
             ./config.status Makefile

   The calling convention of `config.status' has changed; see *Note
Obsolete config.status Use::, for details.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Obsolete Constructs,  Next: Using Autotest,  Prev: config.status Invocation,  Up: Top

15 Obsolete Constructs
**********************

Autoconf changes, and throughout the years some constructs have been
obsoleted.  Most of the changes involve the macros, but in some cases
the tools themselves, or even some concepts, are now considered
obsolete.

   You may completely skip this chapter if you are new to Autoconf.  Its
intention is mainly to help maintainers updating their packages by
understanding how to move to more modern constructs.

* Menu:

* Obsolete config.status Use::  Different calling convention
* acconfig.h::                  Additional entries in `config.h.in'
* autoupdate Invocation::       Automatic update of `configure.ac'
* Obsolete Macros::             Backward compatibility macros
* Autoconf 1::                  Tips for upgrading your files
* Autoconf 2.13::               Some fresher tips


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Obsolete config.status Use,  Next: acconfig.h,  Up: Obsolete Constructs

15.1 Obsolete `config.status' Invocation
========================================

`config.status' now supports arguments to specify the files to
instantiate; see *Note config.status Invocation::, for more details.
Before, environment variables had to be used.

 -- Variable: CONFIG_COMMANDS
     The tags of the commands to execute.  The default is the arguments
     given to `AC_OUTPUT' and `AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS' in `configure.ac'.

 -- Variable: CONFIG_FILES
     The files in which to perform `@VARIABLE@' substitutions.  The
     default is the arguments given to `AC_OUTPUT' and
     `AC_CONFIG_FILES' in `configure.ac'.

 -- Variable: CONFIG_HEADERS
     The files in which to substitute C `#define' statements.  The
     default is the arguments given to `AC_CONFIG_HEADERS'; if that
     macro was not called, `config.status' ignores this variable.

 -- Variable: CONFIG_LINKS
     The symbolic links to establish.  The default is the arguments
     given to `AC_CONFIG_LINKS'; if that macro was not called,
     `config.status' ignores this variable.

   In *Note config.status Invocation::, using this old interface, the
example would be:

     config.h: stamp-h
     stamp-h: config.h.in config.status
             CONFIG_COMMANDS= CONFIG_LINKS= CONFIG_FILES= \
               CONFIG_HEADERS=config.h ./config.status
             echo > stamp-h

     Makefile: Makefile.in config.status
             CONFIG_COMMANDS= CONFIG_LINKS= CONFIG_HEADERS= \
               CONFIG_FILES=Makefile ./config.status

(If `configure.ac' does not call `AC_CONFIG_HEADERS', there is no need
to set `CONFIG_HEADERS' in the `make' rules.  Equally for
`CONFIG_COMMANDS' etc.)


File: autoconf.info,  Node: acconfig.h,  Next: autoupdate Invocation,  Prev: Obsolete config.status Use,  Up: Obsolete Constructs

15.2 `acconfig.h'
=================

In order to produce `config.h.in', `autoheader' needs to build or to
find templates for each symbol.  Modern releases of Autoconf use
`AH_VERBATIM' and `AH_TEMPLATE' (*note Autoheader Macros::), but in
older releases a file, `acconfig.h', contained the list of needed
templates.  `autoheader' copied comments and `#define' and `#undef'
statements from `acconfig.h' in the current directory, if present.
This file used to be mandatory if you `AC_DEFINE' any additional
symbols.

   Modern releases of Autoconf also provide `AH_TOP' and `AH_BOTTOM' if
you need to prepend/append some information to `config.h.in'.  Ancient
versions of Autoconf had a similar feature: if `./acconfig.h' contains
the string `@TOP@', `autoheader' copies the lines before the line
containing `@TOP@' into the top of the file that it generates.
Similarly, if `./acconfig.h' contains the string `@BOTTOM@',
`autoheader' copies the lines after that line to the end of the file it
generates.  Either or both of those strings may be omitted.  An even
older alternate way to produce the same effect in ancient versions of
Autoconf is to create the files `FILE.top' (typically `config.h.top')
and/or `FILE.bot' in the current directory.  If they exist,
`autoheader' copies them to the beginning and end, respectively, of its
output.

   In former versions of Autoconf, the files used in preparing a
software package for distribution were:
     configure.ac --.   .------> autoconf* -----> configure
                    +---+
     [aclocal.m4] --+   `---.
     [acsite.m4] ---'       |
                            +--> [autoheader*] -> [config.h.in]
     [acconfig.h] ----.     |
                      +-----'
     [config.h.top] --+
     [config.h.bot] --'

   Using only the `AH_' macros, `configure.ac' should be
self-contained, and should not depend upon `acconfig.h' etc.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: autoupdate Invocation,  Next: Obsolete Macros,  Prev: acconfig.h,  Up: Obsolete Constructs

15.3 Using `autoupdate' to Modernize `configure.ac'
===================================================

The `autoupdate' program updates a `configure.ac' file that calls
Autoconf macros by their old names to use the current macro names.  In
version 2 of Autoconf, most of the macros were renamed to use a more
uniform and descriptive naming scheme.  *Note Macro Names::, for a
description of the new scheme.  Although the old names still work
(*note Obsolete Macros::, for a list of the old macros and the
corresponding new names), you can make your `configure.ac' files more
readable and make it easier to use the current Autoconf documentation
if you update them to use the new macro names.

   If given no arguments, `autoupdate' updates `configure.ac', backing
up the original version with the suffix `~' (or the value of the
environment variable `SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX', if that is set).  If you
give `autoupdate' an argument, it reads that file instead of
`configure.ac' and writes the updated file to the standard output.

`autoupdate' accepts the following options:

`--help'
`-h'
     Print a summary of the command line options and exit.

`--version'
`-V'
     Print the version number of Autoconf and exit.

`--verbose'
`-v'
     Report processing steps.

`--debug'
`-d'
     Don't remove the temporary files.

`--force'
`-f'
     Force the update even if the file has not changed.  Disregard the
     cache.

`--include=DIR'
`-I DIR'
     Also look for input files in DIR.  Multiple invocations accumulate.
     Directories are browsed from last to first.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Obsolete Macros,  Next: Autoconf 1,  Prev: autoupdate Invocation,  Up: Obsolete Constructs

15.4 Obsolete Macros
====================

Several macros are obsoleted in Autoconf, for various reasons (typically
they failed to quote properly, couldn't be extended for more recent
issues etc.).  They are still supported, but deprecated: their use
should be avoided.

   During the jump from Autoconf version 1 to version 2, most of the
macros were renamed to use a more uniform and descriptive naming scheme,
but their signature did not change.  *Note Macro Names::, for a
description of the new naming scheme.  Below, if there is just the
mapping from old names to new names for these macros, the reader is
invited to refer to the definition of the new macro for the signature
and the description.

 -- Macro: AC_ALLOCA
     `AC_FUNC_ALLOCA'

 -- Macro: AC_ARG_ARRAY
     removed because of limited usefulness

 -- Macro: AC_C_CROSS
     This macro is obsolete; it does nothing.

 -- Macro: AC_CANONICAL_SYSTEM
     Determine the system type and set output variables to the names of
     the canonical system types.  *Note Canonicalizing::, for details
     about the variables this macro sets.

     The user is encouraged to use either `AC_CANONICAL_BUILD', or
     `AC_CANONICAL_HOST', or `AC_CANONICAL_TARGET', depending on the
     needs.  Using `AC_CANONICAL_TARGET' is enough to run the two other
     macros.

 -- Macro: AC_CHAR_UNSIGNED
     `AC_C_CHAR_UNSIGNED'

 -- Macro: AC_CHECK_TYPE (TYPE, DEFAULT)
     Autoconf, up to 2.13, used to provide this version of
     `AC_CHECK_TYPE', deprecated because of its flaws.  Firstly,
     although it is a member of the `CHECK' clan, singular sub-family,
     it does more than just checking.  Secondly, missing types are not
     `typedef''d, they are `#define''d, which can lead to incompatible
     code in the case of pointer types.

     This use of `AC_CHECK_TYPE' is obsolete and discouraged; see *Note
     Generic Types::, for the description of the current macro.

     If the type TYPE is not defined, define it to be the C (or C++)
     builtin type DEFAULT, e.g., `short' or `unsigned'.

     This macro is equivalent to:

          AC_CHECK_TYPE([TYPE],
                        [AC_DEFINE([TYPE], [DEFAULT],
                                   [Define to `DEFAULT' if <sys/types.h>
                                    does not define.])])

     In order to keep backward compatibility, the two versions of
     `AC_CHECK_TYPE' are implemented, selected by a simple heuristics:

       1. If there are three or four arguments, the modern version is
          used.

       2. If the second argument appears to be a C or C++ type, then the
          obsolete version is used.  This happens if the argument is a
          C or C++ _builtin_ type or a C identifier ending in `_t',
          optionally followed by one of `[(* ' and then by a string of
          zero or more characters taken from the set `[]()* _a-zA-Z0-9'.

       3. If the second argument is spelled with the alphabet of valid
          C and C++ types, the user is warned and the modern version is
          used.

       4. Otherwise, the modern version is used.

     You are encouraged either to use a valid builtin type, or to use
     the equivalent modern code (see above), or better yet, to use
     `AC_CHECK_TYPES' together with

          #if !HAVE_LOFF_T
          typedef loff_t off_t;
          #endif

 -- Macro: AC_CHECKING (FEATURE-DESCRIPTION)
     Same as `AC_MSG_NOTICE([checking FEATURE-DESCRIPTION...]'.

 -- Macro: AC_COMPILE_CHECK (ECHO-TEXT, INCLUDES, FUNCTION-BODY,
          ACTION-IF-FOUND, [ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND])
     This is an obsolete version of `AC_TRY_COMPILE' itself replaced by
     `AC_COMPILE_IFELSE' (*note Running the Compiler::), with the
     addition that it prints `checking for ECHO-TEXT' to the standard
     output first, if ECHO-TEXT is non-empty.  Use `AC_MSG_CHECKING'
     and `AC_MSG_RESULT' instead to print messages (*note Printing
     Messages::).

 -- Macro: AC_CONST
     `AC_C_CONST'

 -- Macro: AC_CROSS_CHECK
     Same as `AC_C_CROSS', which is obsolete too, and does nothing
     `:-)'.

 -- Macro: AC_CYGWIN
     Check for the Cygwin environment in which case the shell variable
     `CYGWIN' is set to `yes'.  Don't use this macro, the dignified
     means to check the nature of the host is using
     `AC_CANONICAL_HOST'.  As a matter of fact this macro is defined as:

          AC_REQUIRE([AC_CANONICAL_HOST])[]dnl
          case $host_os in
            *cygwin* ) CYGWIN=yes;;
                   * ) CYGWIN=no;;
          esac

     Beware that the variable `CYGWIN' has a very special meaning when
     running CygWin32, and should not be changed.  That's yet another
     reason not to use this macro.

 -- Macro: AC_DECL_SYS_SIGLIST
     Same as `AC_CHECK_DECLS([sys_siglist])'.

 -- Macro: AC_DECL_YYTEXT
     Does nothing, now integrated in `AC_PROG_LEX'.

 -- Macro: AC_DIR_HEADER
     Like calling `AC_FUNC_CLOSEDIR_VOID' and`AC_HEADER_DIRENT', but
     defines a different set of C preprocessor macros to indicate which
     header file is found:

     Header         Old Symbol   New Symbol
     `dirent.h'     `DIRENT'     `HAVE_DIRENT_H'
     `sys/ndir.h'   `SYSNDIR'    `HAVE_SYS_NDIR_H'
     `sys/dir.h'    `SYSDIR'     `HAVE_SYS_DIR_H'
     `ndir.h'       `NDIR'       `HAVE_NDIR_H'

 -- Macro: AC_DYNIX_SEQ
     If on DYNIX/ptx, add `-lseq' to output variable `LIBS'.  This
     macro used to be defined as

          AC_CHECK_LIB(seq, getmntent, LIBS="-lseq $LIBS")

     now it is just `AC_FUNC_GETMNTENT'.

 -- Macro: AC_EXEEXT
     Defined the output variable `EXEEXT' based on the output of the
     compiler, which is now done automatically.  Typically set to empty
     string if Unix and `.exe' if Win32 or OS/2.

 -- Macro: AC_EMXOS2
     Similar to `AC_CYGWIN' but checks for the EMX environment on OS/2
     and sets `EMXOS2'.

 -- Macro: AC_ERROR
     `AC_MSG_ERROR'

 -- Macro: AC_FIND_X
     `AC_PATH_X'

 -- Macro: AC_FIND_XTRA
     `AC_PATH_XTRA'

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_CHECK
     `AC_CHECK_FUNC'

 -- Macro: AC_FUNC_WAIT3
     If `wait3' is found and fills in the contents of its third argument
     (a `struct rusage *'), which HP-UX does not do, define
     `HAVE_WAIT3'.

     These days portable programs should use `waitpid', not `wait3', as
     `wait3' is being removed from the Open Group standards, and will
     not appear in the next revision of POSIX.

 -- Macro: AC_GCC_TRADITIONAL
     `AC_PROG_GCC_TRADITIONAL'

 -- Macro: AC_GETGROUPS_T
     `AC_TYPE_GETGROUPS'

 -- Macro: AC_GETLOADAVG
     `AC_FUNC_GETLOADAVG'

 -- Macro: AC_HAVE_FUNCS
     `AC_CHECK_FUNCS'

 -- Macro: AC_HAVE_HEADERS
     `AC_CHECK_HEADERS'

 -- Macro: AC_HAVE_LIBRARY (LIBRARY, [ACTION-IF-FOUND],
          [ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND], [OTHER-LIBRARIES])
     This macro is equivalent to calling `AC_CHECK_LIB' with a FUNCTION
     argument of `main'.  In addition, LIBRARY can be written as any of
     `foo', `-lfoo', or `libfoo.a'.  In all of those cases, the
     compiler is passed `-lfoo'.  However, LIBRARY cannot be a shell
     variable; it must be a literal name.

 -- Macro: AC_HAVE_POUNDBANG
     `AC_SYS_INTERPRETER' (different calling convention)

 -- Macro: AC_HEADER_CHECK
     `AC_CHECK_HEADER'

 -- Macro: AC_HEADER_EGREP
     `AC_EGREP_HEADER'

 -- Macro: AC_INIT (UNIQUE-FILE-IN-SOURCE-DIR)
     Formerly `AC_INIT' used to have a single argument, and was
     equivalent to:

          AC_INIT
          AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR(UNIQUE-FILE-IN-SOURCE-DIR)

 -- Macro: AC_INLINE
     `AC_C_INLINE'

 -- Macro: AC_INT_16_BITS
     If the C type `int' is 16 bits wide, define `INT_16_BITS'.  Use
     `AC_CHECK_SIZEOF(int)' instead.

 -- Macro: AC_IRIX_SUN
     If on IRIX (Silicon Graphics UNIX), add `-lsun' to output `LIBS'.
     If you were using it to get `getmntent', use `AC_FUNC_GETMNTENT'
     instead.  If you used it for the NIS versions of the password and
     group functions, use `AC_CHECK_LIB(sun, getpwnam)'.  Up to
     Autoconf 2.13, it used to be

          AC_CHECK_LIB(sun, getmntent, LIBS="-lsun $LIBS")

     now it is defined as

          AC_FUNC_GETMNTENT
          AC_CHECK_LIB(sun, getpwnam)

 -- Macro: AC_LANG_C
     Same as `AC_LANG(C)'.

 -- Macro: AC_LANG_CPLUSPLUS
     Same as `AC_LANG(C++)'.

 -- Macro: AC_LANG_FORTRAN77
     Same as `AC_LANG(Fortran 77)'.

 -- Macro: AC_LANG_RESTORE
     Select the LANGUAGE that is saved on the top of the stack, as set
     by `AC_LANG_SAVE', remove it from the stack, and call
     `AC_LANG(LANGUAGE)'.

 -- Macro: AC_LANG_SAVE
     Remember the current language (as set by `AC_LANG') on a stack.
     The current language does not change.  `AC_LANG_PUSH' is preferred.

 -- Macro: AC_LINK_FILES (SOURCE..., DEST...)
     This is an obsolete version of `AC_CONFIG_LINKS'.  An updated
     version of:

          AC_LINK_FILES(config/$machine.h config/$obj_format.h,
                        host.h            object.h)

     is:

          AC_CONFIG_LINKS(host.h:config/$machine.h
                          object.h:config/$obj_format.h)

 -- Macro: AC_LN_S
     `AC_PROG_LN_S'

 -- Macro: AC_LONG_64_BITS
     Define `LONG_64_BITS' if the C type `long int' is 64 bits wide.
     Use the generic macro `AC_CHECK_SIZEOF([long int])' instead.

 -- Macro: AC_LONG_DOUBLE
     `AC_C_LONG_DOUBLE'

 -- Macro: AC_LONG_FILE_NAMES
     `AC_SYS_LONG_FILE_NAMES'

 -- Macro: AC_MAJOR_HEADER
     `AC_HEADER_MAJOR'

 -- Macro: AC_MEMORY_H
     Used to define `NEED_MEMORY_H' if the `mem' functions were defined
     in `memory.h'.  Today it is equivalent to
     `AC_CHECK_HEADERS(memory.h)'.  Adjust your code to depend upon
     `HAVE_MEMORY_H', not `NEED_MEMORY_H'; see *Note Standard Symbols::.

 -- Macro: AC_MINGW32
     Similar to `AC_CYGWIN' but checks for the MingW32 compiler
     environment and sets `MINGW32'.

 -- Macro: AC_MINUS_C_MINUS_O
     `AC_PROG_CC_C_O'

 -- Macro: AC_MMAP
     `AC_FUNC_MMAP'

 -- Macro: AC_MODE_T
     `AC_TYPE_MODE_T'

 -- Macro: AC_OBJEXT
     Defined the output variable `OBJEXT' based on the output of the
     compiler, after .c files have been excluded.  Typically set to `o'
     if Unix, `obj' if Win32.  Now the compiler checking macros handle
     this automatically.

 -- Macro: AC_OBSOLETE (THIS-MACRO-NAME, [SUGGESTION])
     Make M4 print a message to the standard error output warning that
     THIS-MACRO-NAME is obsolete, and giving the file and line number
     where it was called.  THIS-MACRO-NAME should be the name of the
     macro that is calling `AC_OBSOLETE'.  If SUGGESTION is given, it
     is printed at the end of the warning message; for example, it can
     be a suggestion for what to use instead of THIS-MACRO-NAME.

     For instance

          AC_OBSOLETE([$0], [; use AC_CHECK_HEADERS(unistd.h) instead])dnl

     You are encouraged to use `AU_DEFUN' instead, since it gives better
     services to the user.

 -- Macro: AC_OFF_T
     `AC_TYPE_OFF_T'

 -- Macro: AC_OUTPUT ([FILE]..., [EXTRA-CMDS], [INIT-CMDS])
     The use of `AC_OUTPUT' with argument is deprecated.  This obsoleted
     interface is equivalent to:

          AC_CONFIG_FILES(FILE...)
          AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS([default],
                             EXTRA-CMDS, INIT-CMDS)
          AC_OUTPUT

 -- Macro: AC_OUTPUT_COMMANDS (EXTRA-CMDS, [INIT-CMDS])
     Specify additional shell commands to run at the end of
     `config.status', and shell commands to initialize any variables
     from `configure'.  This macro may be called multiple times.  It is
     obsolete, replaced by `AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS'.

     Here is an unrealistic example:

          fubar=27
          AC_OUTPUT_COMMANDS([echo this is extra $fubar, and so on.],
                             [fubar=$fubar])
          AC_OUTPUT_COMMANDS([echo this is another, extra, bit],
                             [echo init bit])

     Aside from the fact that `AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS' requires an
     additional key, an important difference is that
     `AC_OUTPUT_COMMANDS' is quoting its arguments twice, unlike
     `AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS'.  This means that `AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS' can
     safely be given macro calls as arguments:

          AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS(foo, [my_FOO()])

     Conversely, where one level of quoting was enough for literal
     strings with `AC_OUTPUT_COMMANDS', you need two with
     `AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS'.  The following lines are equivalent:

          AC_OUTPUT_COMMANDS([echo "Square brackets: []"])
          AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS([default], [[echo "Square brackets: []"]])

 -- Macro: AC_PID_T
     `AC_TYPE_PID_T'

 -- Macro: AC_PREFIX
     `AC_PREFIX_PROGRAM'

 -- Macro: AC_PROG_CC_STDC
     This macro has been integrated into `AC_PROG_CC'.

 -- Macro: AC_PROGRAMS_CHECK
     `AC_CHECK_PROGS'

 -- Macro: AC_PROGRAMS_PATH
     `AC_PATH_PROGS'

 -- Macro: AC_PROGRAM_CHECK
     `AC_CHECK_PROG'

 -- Macro: AC_PROGRAM_EGREP
     `AC_EGREP_CPP'

 -- Macro: AC_PROGRAM_PATH
     `AC_PATH_PROG'

 -- Macro: AC_REMOTE_TAPE
     removed because of limited usefulness

 -- Macro: AC_RESTARTABLE_SYSCALLS
     `AC_SYS_RESTARTABLE_SYSCALLS'

 -- Macro: AC_RETSIGTYPE
     `AC_TYPE_SIGNAL'

 -- Macro: AC_RSH
     removed because of limited usefulness

 -- Macro: AC_SCO_INTL
     If on SCO UNIX, add `-lintl' to output variable `LIBS'.  This
     macro used to

          AC_CHECK_LIB(intl, strftime, LIBS="-lintl $LIBS")

     Now it just calls `AC_FUNC_STRFTIME' instead.

 -- Macro: AC_SETVBUF_REVERSED
     `AC_FUNC_SETVBUF_REVERSED'

 -- Macro: AC_SET_MAKE
     `AC_PROG_MAKE_SET'

 -- Macro: AC_SIZEOF_TYPE
     `AC_CHECK_SIZEOF'

 -- Macro: AC_SIZE_T
     `AC_TYPE_SIZE_T'

 -- Macro: AC_STAT_MACROS_BROKEN
     `AC_HEADER_STAT'

 -- Macro: AC_STDC_HEADERS
     `AC_HEADER_STDC'

 -- Macro: AC_STRCOLL
     `AC_FUNC_STRCOLL'

 -- Macro: AC_ST_BLKSIZE
     `AC_CHECK_MEMBERS'

 -- Macro: AC_ST_BLOCKS
     `AC_STRUCT_ST_BLOCKS'

 -- Macro: AC_ST_RDEV
     `AC_CHECK_MEMBERS'

 -- Macro: AC_SYS_RESTARTABLE_SYSCALLS
     If the system automatically restarts a system call that is
     interrupted by a signal, define `HAVE_RESTARTABLE_SYSCALLS'.  This
     macro does not check if system calls are restarted in general-it
     tests whether a signal handler installed with `signal' (but not
     `sigaction') causes system calls to be restarted.  It does not
     test if system calls can be restarted when interrupted by signals
     that have no handler.

     These days portable programs should use `sigaction' with
     `SA_RESTART' if they want restartable system calls.  They should
     not rely on `HAVE_RESTARTABLE_SYSCALLS', since nowadays whether a
     system call is restartable is a dynamic issue, not a
     configuration-time issue.

 -- Macro: AC_SYS_SIGLIST_DECLARED
     `AC_DECL_SYS_SIGLIST'

 -- Macro: AC_TEST_CPP
     `AC_TRY_CPP', replaced with `AC_PREPROC_IFELSE'.

 -- Macro: AC_TEST_PROGRAM
     `AC_TRY_RUN', replaced with `AC_RUN_IFELSE'.

 -- Macro: AC_TIMEZONE
     `AC_STRUCT_TIMEZONE'

 -- Macro: AC_TIME_WITH_SYS_TIME
     `AC_HEADER_TIME'

 -- Macro: AC_TRY_COMPILE (INCLUDES, FUNCTION-BODY, [ACTION-IF-FOUND],
          [ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND])
     Same as `AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[INCLUDES]],
     [[FUNCTION-BODY]])], [ACTION-IF-TRUE], [ACTION-IF-FALSE])' (*note
     Running the Compiler::).

     This macro double quotes both INCLUDES and FUNCTION-BODY.

     For C and C++, INCLUDES is any `#include' statements needed by the
     code in FUNCTION-BODY (INCLUDES will be ignored if the currently
     selected language is Fortran 77).  This macro also uses `CFLAGS'
     or `CXXFLAGS' if either C or C++ is the currently selected
     language, as well as `CPPFLAGS', when compiling.  If Fortran 77 is
     the currently selected language then `FFLAGS' will be used when
     compiling.

 -- Macro: AC_TRY_CPP (INPUT, [ACTION-IF-TRUE], [ACTION-IF-FALSE])
     Same as `AC_PREPROC_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[INPUT]])],
     [ACTION-IF-TRUE], [ACTION-IF-FALSE])' (*note Running the
     Preprocessor::).

     This macro double quotes the INPUT.

 -- Macro: AC_TRY_LINK (INCLUDES, FUNCTION-BODY, [ACTION-IF-FOUND],
          [ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND])
     Same as `AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[INCLUDES]],
     [[FUNCTION-BODY]])], [ACTION-IF-TRUE], [ACTION-IF-FALSE])' (*note
     Running the Compiler::).

     This macro double quotes both INCLUDES and FUNCTION-BODY.

     Depending on the current language (*note Language Choice::),
     create a test program to see whether a function whose body
     consists of FUNCTION-BODY can be compiled and linked.  If the file
     compiles and links successfully, run shell commands
     ACTION-IF-FOUND, otherwise run ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND.

     This macro double quotes both INCLUDES and FUNCTION-BODY.

     For C and C++, INCLUDES is any `#include' statements needed by the
     code in FUNCTION-BODY (INCLUDES will be ignored if the currently
     selected language is Fortran 77).  This macro also uses `CFLAGS'
     or `CXXFLAGS' if either C or C++ is the currently selected
     language, as well as `CPPFLAGS', when compiling.  If Fortran 77 is
     the currently selected language then `FFLAGS' will be used when
     compiling.  However, both `LDFLAGS' and `LIBS' will be used during
     linking in all cases.

 -- Macro: AC_TRY_LINK_FUNC (FUNCTION, [ACTION-IF-FOUND],
          [ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND])
     This macro is equivalent to
     `AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_CALL([[INCLUDES]], [[FUNCTION-BODY]])],
     [ACTION-IF-TRUE], [ACTION-IF-FALSE])'.

 -- Macro: AC_TRY_RUN (PROGRAM, [ACTION-IF-TRUE], [ACTION-IF-FALSE],
          [ACTION-IF-CROSS-COMPILING])
     Same as `AC_RUN_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[PROGRAM]],
     [ACTION-IF-TRUE], [ACTION-IF-FALSE], [ACTION-IF-CROSS-COMPILING])'
     (*note Run Time::).

 -- Macro: AC_UID_T
     `AC_TYPE_UID_T'

 -- Macro: AC_UNISTD_H
     Same as `AC_CHECK_HEADERS(unistd.h)'.

 -- Macro: AC_USG
     Define `USG' if the BSD string functions are defined in
     `strings.h'.  You should no longer depend upon `USG', but on
     `HAVE_STRING_H'; see *Note Standard Symbols::.

 -- Macro: AC_UTIME_NULL
     `AC_FUNC_UTIME_NULL'

 -- Macro: AC_VALIDATE_CACHED_SYSTEM_TUPLE ([CMD])
     If the cache file is inconsistent with the current host, target and
     build system types, it used to execute CMD or print a default
     error message.  This is now handled by default.

 -- Macro: AC_VERBOSE (RESULT-DESCRIPTION)
     `AC_MSG_RESULT'.

 -- Macro: AC_VFORK
     `AC_FUNC_VFORK'

 -- Macro: AC_VPRINTF
     `AC_FUNC_VPRINTF'

 -- Macro: AC_WAIT3
     `AC_FUNC_WAIT3'

 -- Macro: AC_WARN
     `AC_MSG_WARN'

 -- Macro: AC_WORDS_BIGENDIAN
     `AC_C_BIGENDIAN'

 -- Macro: AC_XENIX_DIR
     This macro used to add `-lx' to output variable `LIBS' if on
     Xenix.  Also, if `dirent.h' is being checked for, added `-ldir' to
     `LIBS'.  Now it is merely an alias of `AC_HEADER_DIRENT' instead,
     plus some code to detect whether running XENIX on which you should
     not depend:

          AC_MSG_CHECKING([for Xenix])
          AC_EGREP_CPP(yes,
          [#if defined M_XENIX && !defined M_UNIX
            yes
          #endif],
                       [AC_MSG_RESULT([yes]); XENIX=yes],
                       [AC_MSG_RESULT([no]); XENIX=])

 -- Macro: AC_YYTEXT_POINTER
     `AC_DECL_YYTEXT'


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Autoconf 1,  Next: Autoconf 2.13,  Prev: Obsolete Macros,  Up: Obsolete Constructs

15.5 Upgrading From Version 1
=============================

Autoconf version 2 is mostly backward compatible with version 1.
However, it introduces better ways to do some things, and doesn't
support some of the ugly things in version 1.  So, depending on how
sophisticated your `configure.ac' files are, you might have to do some
manual work in order to upgrade to version 2.  This chapter points out
some problems to watch for when upgrading.  Also, perhaps your
`configure' scripts could benefit from some of the new features in
version 2; the changes are summarized in the file `NEWS' in the
Autoconf distribution.

* Menu:

* Changed File Names::          Files you might rename
* Changed Makefiles::           New things to put in `Makefile.in'
* Changed Macros::              Macro calls you might replace
* Changed Results::             Changes in how to check test results
* Changed Macro Writing::       Better ways to write your own macros


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Changed File Names,  Next: Changed Makefiles,  Up: Autoconf 1

15.5.1 Changed File Names
-------------------------

If you have an `aclocal.m4' installed with Autoconf (as opposed to in a
particular package's source directory), you must rename it to
`acsite.m4'.  *Note autoconf Invocation::.

   If you distribute `install.sh' with your package, rename it to
`install-sh' so `make' builtin rules won't inadvertently create a file
called `install' from it.  `AC_PROG_INSTALL' looks for the script under
both names, but it is best to use the new name.

   If you were using `config.h.top', `config.h.bot', or `acconfig.h',
you still can, but you will have less clutter if you use the `AH_'
macros.  *Note Autoheader Macros::.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Changed Makefiles,  Next: Changed Macros,  Prev: Changed File Names,  Up: Autoconf 1

15.5.2 Changed Makefiles
------------------------

Add `@CFLAGS@', `@CPPFLAGS@', and `@LDFLAGS@' in your `Makefile.in'
files, so they can take advantage of the values of those variables in
the environment when `configure' is run.  Doing this isn't necessary,
but it's a convenience for users.

   Also add `@configure_input@' in a comment to each input file for
`AC_OUTPUT', so that the output files will contain a comment saying
they were produced by `configure'.  Automatically selecting the right
comment syntax for all the kinds of files that people call `AC_OUTPUT'
on became too much work.

   Add `config.log' and `config.cache' to the list of files you remove
in `distclean' targets.

   If you have the following in `Makefile.in':

     prefix = /usr/local
     exec_prefix = $(prefix)

you must change it to:

     prefix = @prefix@
     exec_prefix = @exec_prefix@

The old behavior of replacing those variables without `@' characters
around them has been removed.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Changed Macros,  Next: Changed Results,  Prev: Changed Makefiles,  Up: Autoconf 1

15.5.3 Changed Macros
---------------------

Many of the macros were renamed in Autoconf version 2.  You can still
use the old names, but the new ones are clearer, and it's easier to find
the documentation for them.  *Note Obsolete Macros::, for a table
showing the new names for the old macros.  Use the `autoupdate' program
to convert your `configure.ac' to using the new macro names.  *Note
autoupdate Invocation::.

   Some macros have been superseded by similar ones that do the job
better, but are not call-compatible.  If you get warnings about calling
obsolete macros while running `autoconf', you may safely ignore them,
but your `configure' script will generally work better if you follow
the advice that is printed about what to replace the obsolete macros
with.  In particular, the mechanism for reporting the results of tests
has changed.  If you were using `echo' or `AC_VERBOSE' (perhaps via
`AC_COMPILE_CHECK'), your `configure' script's output will look better
if you switch to `AC_MSG_CHECKING' and `AC_MSG_RESULT'.  *Note Printing
Messages::.  Those macros work best in conjunction with cache
variables.  *Note Caching Results::.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Changed Results,  Next: Changed Macro Writing,  Prev: Changed Macros,  Up: Autoconf 1

15.5.4 Changed Results
----------------------

If you were checking the results of previous tests by examining the
shell variable `DEFS', you need to switch to checking the values of the
cache variables for those tests.  `DEFS' no longer exists while
`configure' is running; it is only created when generating output
files.  This difference from version 1 is because properly quoting the
contents of that variable turned out to be too cumbersome and
inefficient to do every time `AC_DEFINE' is called.  *Note Cache
Variable Names::.

   For example, here is a `configure.ac' fragment written for Autoconf
version 1:

     AC_HAVE_FUNCS(syslog)
     case "$DEFS" in
     *-DHAVE_SYSLOG*) ;;
     *) # syslog is not in the default libraries.  See if it's in some other.
       saved_LIBS="$LIBS"
       for lib in bsd socket inet; do
         AC_CHECKING(for syslog in -l$lib)
         LIBS="$saved_LIBS -l$lib"
         AC_HAVE_FUNCS(syslog)
         case "$DEFS" in
         *-DHAVE_SYSLOG*) break ;;
         *) ;;
         esac
         LIBS="$saved_LIBS"
       done ;;
     esac

   Here is a way to write it for version 2:

     AC_CHECK_FUNCS(syslog)
     if test $ac_cv_func_syslog = no; then
       # syslog is not in the default libraries.  See if it's in some other.
       for lib in bsd socket inet; do
         AC_CHECK_LIB($lib, syslog, [AC_DEFINE(HAVE_SYSLOG)
           LIBS="$LIBS -l$lib"; break])
       done
     fi

   If you were working around bugs in `AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED' by adding
backslashes before quotes, you need to remove them.  It now works
predictably, and does not treat quotes (except back quotes) specially.
*Note Setting Output Variables::.

   All of the Boolean shell variables set by Autoconf macros now use
`yes' for the true value.  Most of them use `no' for false, though for
backward compatibility some use the empty string instead.  If you were
relying on a shell variable being set to something like 1 or `t' for
true, you need to change your tests.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Changed Macro Writing,  Prev: Changed Results,  Up: Autoconf 1

15.5.5 Changed Macro Writing
----------------------------

When defining your own macros, you should now use `AC_DEFUN' instead of
`define'.  `AC_DEFUN' automatically calls `AC_PROVIDE' and ensures that
macros called via `AC_REQUIRE' do not interrupt other macros, to
prevent nested `checking...' messages on the screen.  There's no actual
harm in continuing to use the older way, but it's less convenient and
attractive.  *Note Macro Definitions::.

   You probably looked at the macros that came with Autoconf as a guide
for how to do things.  It would be a good idea to take a look at the new
versions of them, as the style is somewhat improved and they take
advantage of some new features.

   If you were doing tricky things with undocumented Autoconf internals
(macros, variables, diversions), check whether you need to change
anything to account for changes that have been made.  Perhaps you can
even use an officially supported technique in version 2 instead of
kludging.  Or perhaps not.

   To speed up your locally written feature tests, add caching to them.
See whether any of your tests are of general enough usefulness to
encapsulate them into macros that you can share.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Autoconf 2.13,  Prev: Autoconf 1,  Up: Obsolete Constructs

15.6 Upgrading From Version 2.13
================================

The introduction of the previous section (*note Autoconf 1::) perfectly
suits this section....

     Autoconf version 2.50 is mostly backward compatible with version
     2.13.  However, it introduces better ways to do some things, and
     doesn't support some of the ugly things in version 2.13.  So,
     depending on how sophisticated your `configure.ac' files are, you
     might have to do some manual work in order to upgrade to version
     2.50.  This chapter points out some problems to watch for when
     upgrading.  Also, perhaps your `configure' scripts could benefit
     from some of the new features in version 2.50; the changes are
     summarized in the file `NEWS' in the Autoconf distribution.

* Menu:

* Changed Quotation::           Broken code which used to work
* New Macros::                  Interaction with foreign macros
* Hosts and Cross-Compilation::  Bugward compatibility kludges
* AC_LIBOBJ vs LIBOBJS::        LIBOBJS is a forbidden token
* AC_FOO_IFELSE vs AC_TRY_FOO::  A more generic scheme for testing sources


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Changed Quotation,  Next: New Macros,  Up: Autoconf 2.13

15.6.1 Changed Quotation
------------------------

The most important changes are invisible to you: the implementation of
most macros have completely changed.  This allowed more factorization of
the code, better error messages, a higher uniformity of the user's
interface etc.  Unfortunately, as a side effect, some construct which
used to (miraculously) work might break starting with Autoconf 2.50.
The most common culprit is bad quotation.

   For instance, in the following example, the message is not properly
quoted:

     AC_INIT
     AC_CHECK_HEADERS(foo.h,,
     AC_MSG_ERROR(cannot find foo.h, bailing out))
     AC_OUTPUT

Autoconf 2.13 simply ignores it:

     $ autoconf-2.13; ./configure --silent
     creating cache ./config.cache
     configure: error: cannot find foo.h
     $

while Autoconf 2.50 will produce a broken `configure':

     $ autoconf-2.50; ./configure --silent
     configure: error: cannot find foo.h
     ./configure: exit: bad non-numeric arg `bailing'
     ./configure: exit: bad non-numeric arg `bailing'
     $

   The message needs to be quoted, and the `AC_MSG_ERROR' invocation
too!

     AC_INIT
     AC_CHECK_HEADERS(foo.h,,
                      [AC_MSG_ERROR([cannot find foo.h, bailing out])])
     AC_OUTPUT

   Many many (and many more) Autoconf macros were lacking proper
quotation, including no less than... `AC_DEFUN' itself!

     $ cat configure.in
     AC_DEFUN([AC_PROG_INSTALL],
     [# My own much better version
     ])
     AC_INIT
     AC_PROG_INSTALL
     AC_OUTPUT
     $ autoconf-2.13
     autoconf: Undefined macros:
     ***BUG in Autoconf--please report*** AC_FD_MSG
     ***BUG in Autoconf--please report*** AC_EPI
     configure.in:1:AC_DEFUN([AC_PROG_INSTALL],
     configure.in:5:AC_PROG_INSTALL
     $ autoconf-2.50
     $


File: autoconf.info,  Node: New Macros,  Next: Hosts and Cross-Compilation,  Prev: Changed Quotation,  Up: Autoconf 2.13

15.6.2 New Macros
-----------------

Because Autoconf has been dormant for years, Automake provided
Autoconf-like macros for a while.  Autoconf 2.50 now provides better
versions of these macros, integrated in the `AC_' namespace, instead of
`AM_'.  But in order to ease the upgrading via `autoupdate', bindings
to such `AM_' macros are provided.

   Unfortunately Automake did not quote the names of these macros!
Therefore, when `m4' finds something like `AC_DEFUN(AM_TYPE_PTRDIFF_T,
...)' in `aclocal.m4', `AM_TYPE_PTRDIFF_T' is expanded, replaced with
its Autoconf definition.

   Fortunately Autoconf catches pre-`AC_INIT' expansions, and will
complain, in its own words:

     $ cat configure.in
     AC_INIT
     AM_TYPE_PTRDIFF_T
     $ aclocal-1.4
     $ autoconf
     ./aclocal.m4:17: error: m4_defn: undefined macro: _m4_divert_diversion
     actypes.m4:289: AM_TYPE_PTRDIFF_T is expanded from...
     ./aclocal.m4:17: the top level
     $

   Future versions of Automake will simply no longer define most of
these macros, and will properly quote the names of the remaining macros.
But you don't have to wait for it to happen to do the right thing right
now: do not depend upon macros from Automake as it is simply not its job
to provide macros (but the one it requires itself):

     $ cat configure.in
     AC_INIT
     AM_TYPE_PTRDIFF_T
     $ rm aclocal.m4
     $ autoupdate
     autoupdate: `configure.in' is updated
     $ cat configure.in
     AC_INIT
     AC_CHECK_TYPES([ptrdiff_t])
     $ aclocal-1.4
     $ autoconf
     $


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Hosts and Cross-Compilation,  Next: AC_LIBOBJ vs LIBOBJS,  Prev: New Macros,  Up: Autoconf 2.13

15.6.3 Hosts and Cross-Compilation
----------------------------------

Based on the experience of compiler writers, and after long public
debates, many aspects of the cross-compilation chain have changed:

   - the relationship between the build, host, and target architecture
     types,

   - the command line interface for specifying them to `configure',

   - the variables defined in `configure',

   - the enabling of cross-compilation mode.


   The relationship between build, host, and target have been cleaned
up: the chain of default is now simply: target defaults to host, host to
build, and build to the result of `config.guess'.  Nevertheless, in
order to ease the transition from 2.13 to 2.50, the following
transition scheme is implemented.  _Do not rely on it_, as it will be
completely disabled in a couple of releases (we cannot keep it, as it
proves to cause more problems than it cures).

   They all default to the result of running `config.guess', unless you
specify either `--build' or `--host'.  In this case, the default
becomes the system type you specified.  If you specify both, and
they're different, `configure' will enter cross compilation mode, so it
won't run any tests that require execution.

   Hint: if you mean to override the result of `config.guess', prefer
`--build' over `--host'.  In the future, `--host' will not override the
name of the build system type.  Whenever you specify `--host', be sure
to specify `--build' too.


   For backward compatibility, `configure' will accept a system type as
an option by itself.  Such an option will override the defaults for
build, host, and target system types.  The following configure
statement will configure a cross toolchain that will run on
NetBSD/alpha but generate code for GNU Hurd/sparc, which is also the
build platform.

     ./configure --host=alpha-netbsd sparc-gnu


   In Autoconf 2.13 and before, the variables `build', `host', and
`target' had a different semantics before and after the invocation of
`AC_CANONICAL_BUILD' etc.  Now, the argument of `--build' is strictly
copied into `build_alias', and is left empty otherwise.  After the
`AC_CANONICAL_BUILD', `build' is set to the canonicalized build type.
To ease the transition, before, its contents is the same as that of
`build_alias'.  Do _not_ rely on this broken feature.

   For consistency with the backward compatibility scheme exposed above,
when `--host' is specified but `--build' isn't, the build system will
be assumed to be the same as `--host', and `build_alias' will be set to
that value.  Eventually, this historically incorrect behavior will go
away.


   The former scheme to enable cross-compilation proved to cause more
harm than good, in particular, it used to be triggered too easily,
leaving regular end users puzzled in front of cryptic error messages.
`configure' could even enter cross-compilation mode only because the
compiler was not functional.  This is mainly because `configure' used
to try to detect cross-compilation, instead of waiting for an explicit
flag from the user.

   Now, `configure' enters cross-compilation mode if and only if
`--host' is passed.

   That's the short documentation.  To ease the transition between 2.13
and its successors, a more complicated scheme is implemented.  _Do not
rely on the following_, as it will be removed in the near future.

   If you specify `--host', but not `--build', when `configure'
performs the first compiler test it will try to run an executable
produced by the compiler.  If the execution fails, it will enter
cross-compilation mode.  This is fragile.  Moreover, by the time the
compiler test is performed, it may be too late to modify the
build-system type: other tests may have already been performed.
Therefore, whenever you specify `--host', be sure to specify `--build'
too.

     ./configure --build=i686-pc-linux-gnu --host=m68k-coff

will enter cross-compilation mode.  The former interface, which
consisted in setting the compiler to a cross-compiler without informing
`configure' is obsolete.  For instance, `configure' will fail if it
can't run the code generated by the specified compiler if you configure
as follows:

     ./configure CC=m68k-coff-gcc


File: autoconf.info,  Node: AC_LIBOBJ vs LIBOBJS,  Next: AC_FOO_IFELSE vs AC_TRY_FOO,  Prev: Hosts and Cross-Compilation,  Up: Autoconf 2.13

15.6.4 `AC_LIBOBJ' vs. `LIBOBJS'
--------------------------------

Up to Autoconf 2.13, the replacement of functions was triggered via the
variable `LIBOBJS'.  Since Autoconf 2.50, the macro `AC_LIBOBJ' should
be used instead (*note Generic Functions::).  Starting at Autoconf
2.53, the use of `LIBOBJS' is an error.

   This change is mandated by the unification of the GNU Build System
components.  In particular, the various fragile techniques used to parse
a `configure.ac' are all replaced with the use of traces.  As a
consequence, any action must be traceable, which obsoletes critical
variable assignments.  Fortunately, `LIBOBJS' was the only problem, and
it can even be handled gracefully (read, "without your having to change
something").

   There were two typical uses of `LIBOBJS': asking for a replacement
function, and adjusting `LIBOBJS' for Automake and/or Libtool.


   As for function replacement, the fix is immediate: use `AC_LIBOBJ'.
For instance:

     LIBOBJS="$LIBOBJS fnmatch.o"
     LIBOBJS="$LIBOBJS malloc.$ac_objext"

should be replaced with:

     AC_LIBOBJ([fnmatch])
     AC_LIBOBJ([malloc])


   When asked for automatic de-ANSI-fication, Automake needs
`LIBOBJS''ed filenames to have `$U' appended to the base names.
Libtool requires the definition of `LTLIBOBJS', whose suffixes are
mapped to `.lo'.  People used to run snippets such as:

     # This is necessary so that .o files in LIBOBJS are also built via
     # the ANSI2KNR-filtering rules.
     LIBOBJS=`echo "$LIBOBJS" | sed 's/\.o /\$U.o /g;s/\.o$/\$U.o/'`
     LTLIBOBJS=`echo "$LIBOBJS" | sed 's/\.o/\.lo/g'`
     AC_SUBST(LTLIBOBJS)

Note that this code is _wrong_, because `.o' is not the only possible
extension(1)!  It should have read:

     # This is necessary so that .o files in LIBOBJS are also built via
     # the ANSI2KNR-filtering rules.
     LIB@&t@OBJS=`echo "$LIB@&t@OBJS" |
                  sed 's,\.[[^.]]* ,$U&,g;s,\.[[^.]]*$,$U&,'`
     LTLIBOBJS=`echo "$LIB@&t@OBJS" |
                sed 's,\.[[^.]]* ,.lo ,g;s,\.[[^.]]*$,.lo,'`
     AC_SUBST(LTLIBOBJS)


   You no longer have to use this: `AC_OUTPUT' normalizes `LIBOBJS' and
`LTLIBOBJS' (hence it works with any version of Automake and Libtool).
Just remove these lines (`autoupdate' cannot handle this task, since
this is not a macro).

   Note that `U' must not be used in your Makefiles.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) Yet another reason why assigning `LIBOBJS' directly is
discouraged.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: AC_FOO_IFELSE vs AC_TRY_FOO,  Prev: AC_LIBOBJ vs LIBOBJS,  Up: Autoconf 2.13

15.6.5 `AC_FOO_IFELSE' vs. `AC_TRY_FOO'
---------------------------------------

Since Autoconf 2.50, internal codes uses `AC_PREPROC_IFELSE',
`AC_COMPILE_IFELSE', `AC_LINK_IFELSE', and `AC_RUN_IFELSE' on the other
one hand and `AC_LANG_SOURCES', and `AC_LANG_PROGRAM' on the other hand
instead of the deprecated `AC_TRY_CPP', `AC_TRY_COMPILE',
`AC_TRY_LINK', and `AC_TRY_RUN'.  The motivations where:
   - a more consistent interface: `AC_TRY_COMPILE' etc. were double
     quoting their arguments;

   - the combinatoric explosion is solved by decomposing on the one
     hand the generation of sources, and on the other hand executing
     the program;

   - this scheme helps supporting more languages than plain C and C++.

   In addition to the change of syntax, the philosphy has changed too:
while emphasis was put on speed at the expense of accuracy, today's
Autoconf promotes accuracy of the testing framework at, ahem..., the
expense of speed.

   As a perfect example of what is _not_ to be done, here is how to
find out whether a header file contains a particular declaration, such
as a typedef, a structure, a structure member, or a function.  Use
`AC_EGREP_HEADER' instead of running `grep' directly on the header
file; on some systems the symbol might be defined in another header
file that the file you are checking `#include's.

   As a (bad) example, here is how you should not check for C
preprocessor symbols, either defined by header files or predefined by
the C preprocessor: using `AC_EGREP_CPP':

     AC_EGREP_CPP(yes,
     [#ifdef _AIX
       yes
     #endif
     ], is_aix=yes, is_aix=no)

   The above example, properly written would (i) use `AC_LANG_PROGRAM',
and (ii) run the compiler:

     AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM(
     [[#if !defined _AIX
     # error _AIX not defined
     #endif
     ]])],
                        [is_aix=yes],
                        [is_aix=no])


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Using Autotest,  Next: FAQ,  Prev: Obsolete Constructs,  Up: Top

16 Generating Test Suites with Autotest
***************************************

     *Note_ This section describes an experimental feature which will
     be part of Autoconf in a forthcoming release.  Although we believe
     Autotest is stabilizing, this documentation describes an interface which
     might change in the future: do not depend upon Autotest without
     subscribing to the Autoconf mailing lists.*

   It is paradoxical that portable projects depend on nonportable tools
to run their test suite.  Autoconf by itself is the paragon of this
problem: although it aims at perfectly portability, up to 2.13, its
test suite was using DejaGNU, a rich and complex testing framework, but
which is far from being standard on Unix systems.  Worse yet, it was
likely to be missing on the most fragile platforms, the very platforms
that are most likely to torture Autoconf and exhibit deficiencies.

   To circumvent this problem many package maintainers have developed
their own testing framework, based on simple shell scripts whose sole
output are their exit status: the test succeeded, or failed.  In
addition, most of these tests share some common patterns, what results
in lots of duplicated code, tedious maintenance etc.

   Following exactly the same reasoning that yielded to the inception of
Autoconf, Autotest provides a test suite generation frame work, based on
M4 macros, building a portable shell script.  The suite itself is
equipped with automatic logging and tracing facilities which greatly
diminish the interaction with bug reporters, and simple timing reports.

   Autoconf itself has been using Autotest for years, and we do attest
that it has considerably improved the strength of the test suite, and
the quality of bug reports.  Other projects are known to use some
generation of Autotest, such as Bison, Free Recode, Free Wdiff, GNU
Tar, each of them having different needs, what slowly polishes Autotest
as a general testing framework.

   Nonetheless, compared to DejaGNU, Autotest is inadequate for
interactive tool testing, which is probably its main limitation.

* Menu:

* Using an Autotest Test Suite::  Autotest and the user
* Writing testsuite.at::        Autotest macros
* testsuite Invocation::        Running `testsuite' scripts
* Making testsuite Scripts::    Using autom4te to create `testsuite'


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Using an Autotest Test Suite,  Next: Writing testsuite.at,  Up: Using Autotest

16.1 Using an Autotest Test Suite
=================================

* Menu:

* testsuite Scripts::           The concepts of Autotest
* Autotest Logs::               Their contents


File: autoconf.info,  Node: testsuite Scripts,  Next: Autotest Logs,  Up: Using an Autotest Test Suite

16.1.1 `testsuite' Scripts
--------------------------

Generating testing or validation suites using Autotest is rather easy.
The whole validation suite is held in a file to be processed through
`autom4te', itself using GNU M4 under the scene, to produce a
stand-alone Bourne shell script which then gets distributed.  Neither
`autom4te' nor GNU M4 are not needed anymore at the installer end.

   Each test of the validation suite should be part of some test group.
A "test group" is a sequence of interwoven tests that ought to be
executed together, usually because one test in the group creates data
files than a later test in the same group needs to read.  Complex test
groups make later debugging more tedious.  It is much better keeping
keep only a few tests per test group, and if you can put only one test
per test group, this is just ideal.

   For all but the simplest packages, some file such as `testsuite.at'
does not fully hold all test sources, as these are often easier to
maintain in separate files.  Each of these separate files holds a single
test group, or a sequence of test groups all addressing some common
functionality in the package.  In such cases, file `testsuite.at' only
initializes the whole validation suite, and sometimes do elementary
health checking, before listing include statements for all other test
files.  The special file `package.m4', containing the identification of
the package, is automatically included if found.

   The validation scripts that Autotest produces are by convention
called `testsuite'.  When run, `testsuite' executes each test group in
turn, producing only one summary line per test to say if that
particular test succeeded or failed.  At end of all tests, summarizing
counters get printed.  If any test failed, one debugging script gets
automatically generated for each test group which failed.  These
debugging scripts are named `testsuite.NN', where NN is the sequence
number of the test group.  In the ideal situation, none of the tests
fail, and consequently, no debugging script is generated out of
validation.

   The automatic generation of debugging scripts for failed test has the
purpose of easing the chase for bugs.

   It often happens in practice that individual tests in the validation
suite need to get information coming out of the configuration process.
Some of this information, common for all validation suites, is provided
through the file `atconfig', automatically created by
`AC_CONFIG_TESTDIR'.  For configuration informations which your testing
environment specifically needs, you might prepare an optional file
named `atlocal.in', instantiated by `AC_CONFIG_FILES'.  The
configuration process produces `atconfig' and `atlocal' out of these
two input files, and these two produced files are automatically read by
the `testsuite' script.

   Here is a diagram showing the relationship between files.

Files used in preparing a software package for distribution:

     subfile-1.at ->.
         ...         \
     subfile-i.at ---->-- testsuite.at -->.
         ...         /                     \
     subfile-n.at ->'                       >-- autom4te* -->testsuite
                                           /
                           [package.m4] ->'

Files used in configuring a software package:

                                          .--> atconfig
                                         /
     [atlocal.in] -->  config.status* --<
                                         \
                                          `--> [atlocal]

Files created during the test suite execution:

     atconfig -->.                    .--> testsuite.log
                  \                  /
                   >-- testsuite* --<
                  /                  \
     [atlocal] ->'                    `--> [testsuite.NN*]


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Autotest Logs,  Prev: testsuite Scripts,  Up: Using an Autotest Test Suite

16.1.2 Autotest Logs
--------------------

When run, the test suite creates a log file named after itself, e.g., a
test suite named `testsuite' creates `testsuite.log'.  It contains a
lot of information, usually more than maintainers actually need, but
therefore most of the time it contains all that is needed:

command line arguments
     A very bad Unix habit which is unfortunately wide spread consists
     of setting environment variables before the command, such as in
     `CC=my-home-grown-cc ./testsuite'.  This results in the test suite
     not knowing this change, hence (i) it can't report it to you, and
     (ii) it cannot preserve the value of `CC' for subsequent runs(1).
     Autoconf faced exactly the same problem, and solved it by asking
     users to pass the variable definitions as command line arguments.
     Autotest requires this rule too, but has no means to enforce it;
     the log then contains a trace of the variables the user changed.

`ChangeLog' excerpts
     The topmost lines of all the `ChangeLog's found in the source
     hierarchy.  This is especially useful when bugs are reported
     against development versions of the package, since the version
     string does not provide sufficient information to know the exact
     state of the sources the user compiled.  Of course this relies on
     the use of a `ChangeLog'.

build machine
     Running a test suite in a cross-compile environment is not an easy
     task, since it would mean having the test suite run on a machine
     BUILD, while running programs on a machine HOST.  It is much
     simpler to run both the test suite and the programs on HOST, but
     then, from the point of view of the test suite, there remains a
     single environment, HOST = BUILD.  The log contains relevant
     information on the state of the build machine, including some
     important environment variables.

tested programs
     The absolute path and answers to `--version' of the tested
     programs (see *Note Writing testsuite.at::, `AT_TESTED').

configuration log
     The contents of `config.log', as created by `configure', are
     appended.  It contains the configuration flags and a detailed
     report on the configuration itself.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) When a failure occurs, the test suite is rerun, verbosely, and
the user is asked to "play" with this failure to provide better
information.  It is important to keep the same environment between the
first run, and bug-tracking runs.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Writing testsuite.at,  Next: testsuite Invocation,  Prev: Using an Autotest Test Suite,  Up: Using Autotest

16.2 Writing `testsuite.at'
===========================

The `testsuite.at' is a Bourne shell script making use of special
Autotest M4 macros.  It often contains a call to `AT_INIT' nears its
beginning followed by one call to `m4_include' per source file for
tests.  Each such included file, or the remainder of `testsuite.at' if
include files are not used, contain a sequence of test groups.  Each
test group begins with one call to `AT_SETUP', it contains an arbitrary
number of shell commands or calls to `AT_CHECK', and it completes with
one call to `AT_CLEANUP'.

 -- Macro: AT_INIT ([NAME])
     Initialize Autotest.  Giving a NAME to the test suite is
     encouraged if your package includes several test suites.  In any
     case, the test suite always displays the package name and version.
     It also inherits the package bug report address.

 -- Macro: AT_TESTED (EXECUTABLES)
     Log the path and answer to `--version' of each program in
     space-separated list EXECUTABLES.  Several invocations register
     new executables, in other words, don't fear registering one program
     several times.

   Autotest test suites rely on the `PATH' to find the tested program.
This saves from generating the absolute paths to the various tools, and
makes it possible to test installed programs.  Therefore, knowing what
programs are being exercised is crucial to understand some problems in
the test suite itself, or its occasional misuses.  It is a good idea to
also subscribe foreign programs you depend upon, to ease incompatibility
diagnostics.


 -- Macro: AT_SETUP (TEST-GROUP-NAME)
     This macro starts a group of related tests, all to be executed in
     the same subshell.  It accepts a single argument, which holds a
     few words (no more than about 30 or 40 characters) quickly
     describing the purpose of the test group being started.

 -- Macro: AT_KEYWORDS (KEYWORDS)
     Associate the space-separated list of KEYWORDS to the enclosing
     test group.  This makes it possible to run "slices" of the test
     suite.  For instance if some of your test groups exercise some
     `foo' feature, then using `AT_KEYWORDS(foo)' lets you run
     `./testsuite -k foo' to run exclusively these test groups.  The
     TITLE of the test group is automatically recorded to `AT_KEYWORDS'.

     Several invocations within a test group accumulate new keywords.
     In other words, don't fear registering several times the same
     keyword in a test group.

 -- Macro: AT_CLEANUP
     End the current test group.


 -- Macro: AT_DATA (FILE, CONTENTS)
     Initialize an input data FILE with given CONTENTS.  Of course, the
     CONTENTS have to be properly quoted between square brackets to
     protect against included commas or spurious M4 expansion.  The
     contents ought to end with an end of line.

 -- Macro: AT_CHECK (COMMANDS, [STATUS = ``0''], [STDOUT], [STDERR])
     Execute a test by performing given shell COMMANDS.  These commands
     should normally exit with STATUS, while producing expected STDOUT
     and STDERR contents.  If COMMANDS exit with status 77, then the
     whole test group is skipped.

     The COMMANDS _must not_ redirect the standard output, nor the
     standard error.

     If STATUS, or STDOUT, or STDERR is `ignore', then the
     corresponding value is not checked.

     The special value `expout' for STDOUT means the expected output of
     the COMMANDS is the content of the file `expout'.  If STDOUT is
     `stdout', then the standard output of the COMMANDS is available
     for further tests in the file `stdout'.  Similarly for STDERR with
     `expout' and `stderr'.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: testsuite Invocation,  Next: Making testsuite Scripts,  Prev: Writing testsuite.at,  Up: Using Autotest

16.3 Running `testsuite' Scripts
================================

Autotest test suites support the following arguments:

`--help'
`-h'
     Display the list of options and exit successfully.

`--version'
`-V'
     Display the version of the test suite and exit successfully.

`--clean'
`-c'
     Remove all the files the test suite might have created and exit.
     Meant for `clean' Makefile targets.

`--list'
`-l'
     List all the tests (or only the selection), including their
     possible keywords.


   By default all the tests are performed (or described with `--list')
in the default environment first silently, then verbosely, but the
environment, set of tests, and verbosity level can be tuned:

`VARIABLE=VALUE'
     Set the environment VARIABLE to VALUE.  Do not run `FOO=foo
     ./testsuite' as debugging scripts would then run in a different
     environment.

     The variable `AUTOTEST_PATH' specifies the testing path to prepend
     to `PATH'.  It handles specially relative paths (not starting with
     `/'): they are considered to be relative to the top level of the
     package being built.  All the directories are made absolute, first
     starting from the top level _build_ tree, then from the _source_
     tree.  For instance `./testsuite AUTOTEST_PATH=tests:bin' for a
     `/src/foo-1.0' source package built in `/tmp/foo' results in
     `/tmp/foo/tests:/tmp/foo/bin' and then
     `/src/foo-1.0/tests:/src/foo-1.0/bin' being prepended to `PATH'.

`NUMBER'
`NUMBER-NUMBER'
`NUMBER-'
`-NUMBER'
     Add the corresponding test groups, with obvious semantics, to the
     selection.

`--keywords=KEYWORDS'
`-k KEYWORDS'
     Add to the selection the test groups which title or keywords
     (arguments to `AT_SETUP' or `AT_KEYWORDS') match _all_ the keywords
     of the comma separated list KEYWORDS.

     Running `./testsuite -k autoupdate,FUNC' will select all the tests
     tagged with `autoupdate' _and_ `FUNC' (as in `AC_CHECK_FUNC',
     `AC_FUNC_FNMATCH' etc.) while `./testsuite -k autoupdate -k FUNC'
     runs all the tests tagged with `autoupdate' _or_ `FUNC'.

`--errexit'
`-e'
     If any test fails, immediately abort testing.  It implies
     `--debug': post test group clean up, debugging script generation,
     and logging are inhibited.  This option is meant for the full test
     suite, it is not really useful for generated debugging scripts.

`--verbose'
`-v'
     Force more verbosity in the detailed output of what is being done.
     This is the default for debugging scripts.

`--debug'
`-d'
     Do not remove the files after a test group was performed --but
     they are still removed _before_, therefore using this option is
     sane when running several test groups.  Do not create debugging
     scripts.  Do not log (in order to preserve supposedly existing
     full log file).  This is the default for debugging scripts.

`--trace'
`-x'
     Trigger shell tracing of the test groups.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Making testsuite Scripts,  Prev: testsuite Invocation,  Up: Using Autotest

16.4 Making `testsuite' Scripts
===============================

For putting Autotest into movement, you need some configuration and
Makefile machinery.  We recommend, at least if your package uses deep or
shallow hierarchies, that you use `tests/' as the name of the directory
holding all your tests and their `Makefile'.  Here is a check list of
things to do.

   - Make sure to create the file `package.m4', which defines the
     identity of the package.  It must define `AT_PACKAGE_STRING', the
     full signature of the package, and `AT_PACKAGE_BUGREPORT', the
     address to which bug reports should be sent.  For sake of
     completeness, we suggest that you also define `AT_PACKAGE_NAME',
     `AT_PACKAGE_TARNAME', and `AT_PACKAGE_VERSION'.  *Note
     Initializing configure::, for a description of these variables.  We
     suggest the following Makefile excerpt:

          $(srcdir)/package.m4: $(top_srcdir)/configure.ac
                  {                                      \
                    echo '# Signature of the current package.'; \
                    echo 'm4_define([AT_PACKAGE_NAME],      [@PACKAGE_NAME@])'; \
                    echo 'm4_define([AT_PACKAGE_TARNAME],   [@PACKAGE_TARNAME@])'; \
                    echo 'm4_define([AT_PACKAGE_VERSION],   [@PACKAGE_VERSION@])'; \
                    echo 'm4_define([AT_PACKAGE_STRING],    [@PACKAGE_STRING@])'; \
                    echo 'm4_define([AT_PACKAGE_BUGREPORT], [@PACKAGE_BUGREPORT@])'; \
                  } >$(srcdir)/package.m4

     Be sure to distribute `package.m4' and to put it into the source
     hierarchy: the test suite ought to be shipped!

   - Invoke `AC_CONFIG_TESTDIR'.

      -- Macro: AC_CONFIG_TESTDIR (DIRECTORY, [TEST-PATH = `DIRECTORY'])
          An Autotest test suite is to be configured in DIRECTORY.  This
          macro requires the instantiation of `DIRECTORY/atconfig' from
          `DIRECTORY/atconfig.in', and sets the default `AUTOTEST_PATH'
          to TEST-PATH (*note testsuite Invocation::).

   - Still within `configure.ac', as appropriate, ensure that some
     `AC_CONFIG_FILES' command includes substitution for
     `tests/atlocal'.

   - The `tests/Makefile.in' should be modified so the validation in
     your package is triggered by `make check'.  An example is provided
     below.

   With Automake, here is a minimal example about how to link `make
check' with a validation suite.

     EXTRA_DIST = testsuite.at testsuite
     TESTSUITE = $(srcdir)/testsuite
     check-local: atconfig atlocal $(TESTSUITE)
             $(SHELL) $(TESTSUITE)

     AUTOTEST = $(AUTOM4TE) --language=autotest
     $(TESTSUITE): $(srcdir)/testsuite.at
             $(AUTOTEST) -I $(srcdir) $@.at -o $@.tmp
             mv $@.tmp $@

   You might want to list explicitly the dependencies, i.e., the list of
the files `testsuite.at' includes.

   With strict Autoconf, you might need to add lines inspired from the
following:

     subdir = tests

     atconfig: $(top_builddir)/config.status
             cd $(top_builddir) && \
                $(SHELL) ./config.status $(subdir)/$@

     atlocal: $(srcdir)/atlocal.in $(top_builddir)/config.status
             cd $(top_builddir) && \
                $(SHELL) ./config.status $(subdir)/$@

and manage to have `atconfig.in' and `$(EXTRA_DIST)' distributed.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: FAQ,  Next: History,  Prev: Using Autotest,  Up: Top

17 Frequent Autoconf Questions, with answers
********************************************

Several questions about Autoconf come up occasionally.  Here some of
them are addressed.

* Menu:

* Distributing::                Distributing `configure' scripts
* Why GNU m4::                  Why not use the standard M4?
* Bootstrapping::               Autoconf and GNU M4 require each other?
* Why Not Imake::               Why GNU uses `configure' instead of Imake
* Defining Directories::        Passing `datadir' to program
* autom4te.cache::              What is it?  Can I remove it?


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Distributing,  Next: Why GNU m4,  Up: FAQ

17.1 Distributing `configure' Scripts
=====================================

     What are the restrictions on distributing `configure'
     scripts that Autoconf generates?  How does that affect my
     programs that use them?

   There are no restrictions on how the configuration scripts that
Autoconf produces may be distributed or used.  In Autoconf version 1,
they were covered by the GNU General Public License.  We still encourage
software authors to distribute their work under terms like those of the
GPL, but doing so is not required to use Autoconf.

   Of the other files that might be used with `configure',
`config.h.in' is under whatever copyright you use for your
`configure.ac'.  `config.sub' and `config.guess' have an exception to
the GPL when they are used with an Autoconf-generated `configure'
script, which permits you to distribute them under the same terms as
the rest of your package.  `install-sh' is from the X Consortium and is
not copyrighted.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Why GNU m4,  Next: Bootstrapping,  Prev: Distributing,  Up: FAQ

17.2 Why Require GNU M4?
========================

     Why does Autoconf require GNU M4?

   Many M4 implementations have hard-coded limitations on the size and
number of macros that Autoconf exceeds.  They also lack several builtin
macros that it would be difficult to get along without in a
sophisticated application like Autoconf, including:

     m4_builtin
     m4_indir
     m4_bpatsubst
     __file__
     __line__

   Autoconf requires version 1.4 or above of GNU M4 because it uses
frozen state files.

   Since only software maintainers need to use Autoconf, and since GNU
M4 is simple to configure and install, it seems reasonable to require
GNU M4 to be installed also.  Many maintainers of GNU and other free
software already have most of the GNU utilities installed, since they
prefer them.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Bootstrapping,  Next: Why Not Imake,  Prev: Why GNU m4,  Up: FAQ

17.3 How Can I Bootstrap?
=========================

     If Autoconf requires GNU M4 and GNU M4 has an Autoconf
     `configure' script, how do I bootstrap?  It seems like a chicken
     and egg problem!

   This is a misunderstanding.  Although GNU M4 does come with a
`configure' script produced by Autoconf, Autoconf is not required in
order to run the script and install GNU M4.  Autoconf is only required
if you want to change the M4 `configure' script, which few people have
to do (mainly its maintainer).


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Why Not Imake,  Next: Defining Directories,  Prev: Bootstrapping,  Up: FAQ

17.4 Why Not Imake?
===================

     Why not use Imake instead of `configure' scripts?

   Several people have written addressing this question, so I include
adaptations of their explanations here.

   The following answer is based on one written by Richard Pixley:

     Autoconf generated scripts frequently work on machines that it has
     never been set up to handle before.  That is, it does a good job of
     inferring a configuration for a new system.  Imake cannot do this.

     Imake uses a common database of host specific data.  For X11, this
     makes sense because the distribution is made as a collection of
     tools, by one central authority who has control over the database.

     GNU tools are not released this way.  Each GNU tool has a
     maintainer; these maintainers are scattered across the world.
     Using a common database would be a maintenance nightmare.
     Autoconf may appear to be this kind of database, but in fact it is
     not.  Instead of listing host dependencies, it lists program
     requirements.

     If you view the GNU suite as a collection of native tools, then the
     problems are similar.  But the GNU development tools can be
     configured as cross tools in almost any host+target permutation.
     All of these configurations can be installed concurrently.  They
     can even be configured to share host independent files across
     hosts.  Imake doesn't address these issues.

     Imake templates are a form of standardization.  The GNU coding
     standards address the same issues without necessarily imposing the
     same restrictions.

   Here is some further explanation, written by Per Bothner:

     One of the advantages of Imake is that it easy to generate large
     Makefiles using `cpp''s `#include' and macro mechanisms.  However,
     `cpp' is not programmable: it has limited conditional facilities,
     and no looping.  And `cpp' cannot inspect its environment.

     All of these problems are solved by using `sh' instead of `cpp'.
     The shell is fully programmable, has macro substitution, can
     execute (or source) other shell scripts, and can inspect its
     environment.

   Paul Eggert elaborates more:

     With Autoconf, installers need not assume that Imake itself is
     already installed and working well.  This may not seem like much
     of an advantage to people who are accustomed to Imake.  But on
     many hosts Imake is not installed or the default installation is
     not working well, and requiring Imake to install a package hinders
     the acceptance of that package on those hosts.  For example, the
     Imake template and configuration files might not be installed
     properly on a host, or the Imake build procedure might wrongly
     assume that all source files are in one big directory tree, or the
     Imake configuration might assume one compiler whereas the package
     or the installer needs to use another, or there might be a version
     mismatch between the Imake expected by the package and the Imake
     supported by the host.  These problems are much rarer with
     Autoconf, where each package comes with its own independent
     configuration processor.

     Also, Imake often suffers from unexpected interactions between
     `make' and the installer's C preprocessor.  The fundamental problem
     here is that the C preprocessor was designed to preprocess C
     programs, not `Makefile's.  This is much less of a problem with
     Autoconf, which uses the general-purpose preprocessor M4, and
     where the package's author (rather than the installer) does the
     preprocessing in a standard way.

   Finally, Mark Eichin notes:

     Imake isn't all that extensible, either.  In order to add new
     features to Imake, you need to provide your own project template,
     and duplicate most of the features of the existing one.  This
     means that for a sophisticated project, using the vendor-provided
     Imake templates fails to provide any leverage--since they don't
     cover anything that your own project needs (unless it is an X11
     program).

     On the other side, though:

     The one advantage that Imake has over `configure': `Imakefile's
     tend to be much shorter (likewise, less redundant) than
     `Makefile.in's.  There is a fix to this, however--at least for the
     Kerberos V5 tree, we've modified things to call in common
     `post.in' and `pre.in' `Makefile' fragments for the entire tree.
     This means that a lot of common things don't have to be
     duplicated, even though they normally are in `configure' setups.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Defining Directories,  Next: autom4te.cache,  Prev: Why Not Imake,  Up: FAQ

17.5 How Do I `#define' Installation Directories?
=================================================

     My program needs library files, installed in `datadir' and
     similar.  If I use
          AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([DATADIR], [$datadir],
                             [Define to the read-only architecture-independent
                              data directory.])

     I get
          #define DATADIR "${prefix}/share"

As already explained, this behavior is on purpose, mandated by the GNU
Coding Standards, see *Note Installation Directory Variables::.  There
are several means to achieve a similar goal:

   - Do not use `AC_DEFINE' but use your `Makefile' to pass the actual
     value of `datadir' via compilation flags, see *Note Installation
     Directory Variables::, for the details.

   - This solution can be simplified when compiling a program: you may
     either extend the `CPPFLAGS':

          CPPFLAGS = -DDATADIR=\"$(datadir)\" @CPPFLAGS@

     or create a dedicated header file:

          DISTCLEANFILES = datadir.h
          datadir.h: Makefile
                  echo '#define DATADIR "$(datadir)"' >$@

   - Use `AC_DEFINE' but have `configure' compute the literal value of
     `datadir' and others.  Many people have wrapped macros to automate
     this task.  For instance, the macro `AC_DEFINE_DIR' from the
     Autoconf Macro Archive(1).

     This solution does not conform to the GNU Coding Standards.

   - Note that all the previous solutions hard wire the absolute path to
     these directories in the executables, which is not a good
     property.  You may try to compute the paths relatively to
     `prefix', and try to find `prefix' at runtime, this way your
     package is relocatable.  Some macros are already available to
     address this issue: see `adl_COMPUTE_RELATIVE_PATHS' and
     `adl_COMPUTE_STANDARD_RELATIVE_PATHS' on the Autoconf Macro
     Archive(2).

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) Autoconf Macro Archive,
`http://www.gnu.org/software/ac-archive/'.

   (2) Autoconf Macro Archive,
`http://www.gnu.org/software/ac-archive/'.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: autom4te.cache,  Prev: Defining Directories,  Up: FAQ

17.6 What is `autom4te.cache'?
==============================

     What is this directory `autom4te.cache'?  Can I safely remove it?

   In the GNU Build System, `configure.ac' plays a central role and is
read by many tools: `autoconf' to create `configure', `autoheader' to
create `config.h.in', `automake' to create `Makefile.in', `autoscan' to
check the completeness of `configure.ac', `autoreconf' to check the GNU
Build System components that are used.  To "read `configure.ac'"
actually means to compile it with M4, which can be a very long process
for complex `configure.ac'.

   This is why all these tools, instead of running directly M4, invoke
`autom4te' (*note autom4te Invocation::) which, while answering to a
specific demand, stores additional information in `autom4te.cache' for
future runs.  For instance, if you run `autoconf', behind the scenes,
`autom4te' will also store information for the other tools, so that
when you invoke `autoheader' or `automake' etc., re-processing
`configure.ac' is not needed.  The speed up is frequently of 30, and is
increasing with the size of `configure.ac'.

   But it is and remains being simply a cache: you can safely remove it.


     Can I permanently get rid of it?

   The creation of this cache can be disabled from `~/.autom4te.cfg',
see *Note Customizing autom4te::, for more details.  You should be
aware that disabling the cache slows down the Autoconf test suite by
40%.  The more GNU Build System components are used, the more the cache
is useful; for instance running `autoreconf -f' on the Coreutils is
twice slower without the cache _although `--force' implies that the
cache is not fully exploited_, and eight times slower than without
`--force'.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: History,  Next: Copying This Manual,  Prev: FAQ,  Up: Top

18 History of Autoconf
**********************

You may be wondering, Why was Autoconf originally written?  How did it
get into its present form?  (Why does it look like gorilla spit?)  If
you're not wondering, then this chapter contains no information useful
to you, and you might as well skip it.  If you _are_ wondering, then
let there be light....

* Menu:

* Genesis::                     Prehistory and naming of `configure'
* Exodus::                      The plagues of M4 and Perl
* Leviticus::                   The priestly code of portability arrives
* Numbers::                     Growth and contributors
* Deuteronomy::                 Approaching the promises of easy configuration


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Genesis,  Next: Exodus,  Up: History

18.1 Genesis
============

In June 1991 I was maintaining many of the GNU utilities for the Free
Software Foundation.  As they were ported to more platforms and more
programs were added, the number of `-D' options that users had to
select in the `Makefile' (around 20) became burdensome.  Especially for
me--I had to test each new release on a bunch of different systems.  So
I wrote a little shell script to guess some of the correct settings for
the fileutils package, and released it as part of fileutils 2.0.  That
`configure' script worked well enough that the next month I adapted it
(by hand) to create similar `configure' scripts for several other GNU
utilities packages.  Brian Berliner also adapted one of my scripts for
his CVS revision control system.

   Later that summer, I learned that Richard Stallman and Richard Pixley
were developing similar scripts to use in the GNU compiler tools; so I
adapted my `configure' scripts to support their evolving interface:
using the file name `Makefile.in' as the templates; adding `+srcdir',
the first option (of many); and creating `config.status' files.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Exodus,  Next: Leviticus,  Prev: Genesis,  Up: History

18.2 Exodus
===========

As I got feedback from users, I incorporated many improvements, using
Emacs to search and replace, cut and paste, similar changes in each of
the scripts.  As I adapted more GNU utilities packages to use
`configure' scripts, updating them all by hand became impractical.
Rich Murphey, the maintainer of the GNU graphics utilities, sent me
mail saying that the `configure' scripts were great, and asking if I
had a tool for generating them that I could send him.  No, I thought,
but I should!  So I started to work out how to generate them.  And the
journey from the slavery of hand-written `configure' scripts to the
abundance and ease of Autoconf began.

   Cygnus `configure', which was being developed at around that time,
is table driven; it is meant to deal mainly with a discrete number of
system types with a small number of mainly unguessable features (such as
details of the object file format).  The automatic configuration system
that Brian Fox had developed for Bash takes a similar approach.  For
general use, it seems to me a hopeless cause to try to maintain an
up-to-date database of which features each variant of each operating
system has.  It's easier and more reliable to check for most features on
the fly--especially on hybrid systems that people have hacked on
locally or that have patches from vendors installed.

   I considered using an architecture similar to that of Cygnus
`configure', where there is a single `configure' script that reads
pieces of `configure.in' when run.  But I didn't want to have to
distribute all of the feature tests with every package, so I settled on
having a different `configure' made from each `configure.in' by a
preprocessor.  That approach also offered more control and flexibility.

   I looked briefly into using the Metaconfig package, by Larry Wall,
Harlan Stenn, and Raphael Manfredi, but I decided not to for several
reasons.  The `Configure' scripts it produces are interactive, which I
find quite inconvenient; I didn't like the ways it checked for some
features (such as library functions); I didn't know that it was still
being maintained, and the `Configure' scripts I had seen didn't work on
many modern systems (such as System V R4 and NeXT); it wasn't very
flexible in what it could do in response to a feature's presence or
absence; I found it confusing to learn; and it was too big and complex
for my needs (I didn't realize then how much Autoconf would eventually
have to grow).

   I considered using Perl to generate my style of `configure' scripts,
but decided that M4 was better suited to the job of simple textual
substitutions: it gets in the way less, because output is implicit.
Plus, everyone already has it.  (Initially I didn't rely on the GNU
extensions to M4.)  Also, some of my friends at the University of
Maryland had recently been putting M4 front ends on several programs,
including `tvtwm', and I was interested in trying out a new language.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Leviticus,  Next: Numbers,  Prev: Exodus,  Up: History

18.3 Leviticus
==============

Since my `configure' scripts determine the system's capabilities
automatically, with no interactive user intervention, I decided to call
the program that generates them Autoconfig.  But with a version number
tacked on, that name would be too long for old UNIX file systems, so I
shortened it to Autoconf.

   In the fall of 1991 I called together a group of fellow questers
after the Holy Grail of portability (er, that is, alpha testers) to
give me feedback as I encapsulated pieces of my handwritten scripts in
M4 macros and continued to add features and improve the techniques used
in the checks.  Prominent among the testers were Franc,ois Pinard, who
came up with the idea of making an Autoconf shell script to run M4 and
check for unresolved macro calls; Richard Pixley, who suggested running
the compiler instead of searching the file system to find include files
and symbols, for more accurate results; Karl Berry, who got Autoconf to
configure TeX and added the macro index to the documentation; and Ian
Lance Taylor, who added support for creating a C header file as an
alternative to putting `-D' options in a `Makefile', so he could use
Autoconf for his UUCP package.  The alpha testers cheerfully adjusted
their files again and again as the names and calling conventions of the
Autoconf macros changed from release to release.  They all contributed
many specific checks, great ideas, and bug fixes.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Numbers,  Next: Deuteronomy,  Prev: Leviticus,  Up: History

18.4 Numbers
============

In July 1992, after months of alpha testing, I released Autoconf 1.0,
and converted many GNU packages to use it.  I was surprised by how
positive the reaction to it was.  More people started using it than I
could keep track of, including people working on software that wasn't
part of the GNU Project (such as TCL, FSP, and Kerberos V5).  Autoconf
continued to improve rapidly, as many people using the `configure'
scripts reported problems they encountered.

   Autoconf turned out to be a good torture test for M4 implementations.
UNIX M4 started to dump core because of the length of the macros that
Autoconf defined, and several bugs showed up in GNU M4 as well.
Eventually, we realized that we needed to use some features that only
GNU M4 has.  4.3BSD M4, in particular, has an impoverished set of
builtin macros; the System V version is better, but still doesn't
provide everything we need.

   More development occurred as people put Autoconf under more stresses
(and to uses I hadn't anticipated).  Karl Berry added checks for X11.
david zuhn contributed C++ support.  Franc,ois Pinard made it diagnose
invalid arguments.  Jim Blandy bravely coerced it into configuring GNU
Emacs, laying the groundwork for several later improvements.  Roland
McGrath got it to configure the GNU C Library, wrote the `autoheader'
script to automate the creation of C header file templates, and added a
`--verbose' option to `configure'.  Noah Friedman added the
`--autoconf-dir' option and `AC_MACRODIR' environment variable.  (He
also coined the term "autoconfiscate" to mean "adapt a software package
to use Autoconf".)  Roland and Noah improved the quoting protection in
`AC_DEFINE' and fixed many bugs, especially when I got sick of dealing
with portability problems from February through June, 1993.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Deuteronomy,  Prev: Numbers,  Up: History

18.5 Deuteronomy
================

A long wish list for major features had accumulated, and the effect of
several years of patching by various people had left some residual
cruft.  In April 1994, while working for Cygnus Support, I began a major
revision of Autoconf.  I added most of the features of the Cygnus
`configure' that Autoconf had lacked, largely by adapting the relevant
parts of Cygnus `configure' with the help of david zuhn and Ken
Raeburn.  These features include support for using `config.sub',
`config.guess', `--host', and `--target'; making links to files; and
running `configure' scripts in subdirectories.  Adding these features
enabled Ken to convert GNU `as', and Rob Savoye to convert DejaGNU, to
using Autoconf.

   I added more features in response to other peoples' requests.  Many
people had asked for `configure' scripts to share the results of the
checks between runs, because (particularly when configuring a large
source tree, like Cygnus does) they were frustratingly slow.  Mike
Haertel suggested adding site-specific initialization scripts.  People
distributing software that had to unpack on MS-DOS asked for a way to
override the `.in' extension on the file names, which produced file
names like `config.h.in' containing two dots.  Jim Avera did an
extensive examination of the problems with quoting in `AC_DEFINE' and
`AC_SUBST'; his insights led to significant improvements.  Richard
Stallman asked that compiler output be sent to `config.log' instead of
`/dev/null', to help people debug the Emacs `configure' script.

   I made some other changes because of my dissatisfaction with the
quality of the program.  I made the messages showing results of the
checks less ambiguous, always printing a result.  I regularized the
names of the macros and cleaned up coding style inconsistencies.  I
added some auxiliary utilities that I had developed to help convert
source code packages to use Autoconf.  With the help of Franc,ois
Pinard, I made the macros not interrupt each others' messages.  (That
feature revealed some performance bottlenecks in GNU M4, which he
hastily corrected!)  I reorganized the documentation around problems
people want to solve.  And I began a test suite, because experience had
shown that Autoconf has a pronounced tendency to regress when we change
it.

   Again, several alpha testers gave invaluable feedback, especially
Franc,ois Pinard, Jim Meyering, Karl Berry, Rob Savoye, Ken Raeburn,
and Mark Eichin.

   Finally, version 2.0 was ready.  And there was much rejoicing.  (And
I have free time again.  I think.  Yeah, right.)


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Copying This Manual,  Next: Indices,  Prev: History,  Up: Top

Appendix A Copying This Manual
******************************

* Menu:

* GNU Free Documentation License::  License for copying this manual


File: autoconf.info,  Node: GNU Free Documentation License,  Up: Copying This Manual

A.1 GNU Free Documentation License
==================================

                        Version 1.1, March 2000

     Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
     59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307, USA

     Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
     of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

  0. PREAMBLE

     The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
     written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone
     the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
     modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.  Secondarily,
     this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get
     credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for
     modifications made by others.

     This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
     works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
     It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
     license designed for free software.

     We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
     free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
     free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
     that the software does.  But this License is not limited to
     software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
     of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.
     We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
     instruction or reference.

  1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

     This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a
     notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed
     under the terms of this License.  The "Document", below, refers to
     any such manual or work.  Any member of the public is a licensee,
     and is addressed as "you".

     A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
     Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
     modifications and/or translated into another language.

     A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter
     section of the Document that deals exclusively with the
     relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the
     Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains
     nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject.
     (For example, if the Document is in part a textbook of
     mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.)
     The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with
     the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial,
     philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.

     The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
     titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in
     the notice that says that the Document is released under this
     License.

     The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
     listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
     that says that the Document is released under this License.

     A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
     represented in a format whose specification is available to the
     general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly
     and straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images
     composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some
     widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to
     text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of
     formats suitable for input to text formatters.  A copy made in an
     otherwise Transparent file format whose markup has been designed
     to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not
     Transparent.  A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".

     Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
     ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
     SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and
     standard-conforming simple HTML designed for human modification.
     Opaque formats include PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that
     can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML
     or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally
     available, and the machine-generated HTML produced by some word
     processors for output purposes only.

     The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
     plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
     material this License requires to appear in the title page.  For
     works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
     Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
     work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

  2. VERBATIM COPYING

     You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
     commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
     copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
     applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
     add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You
     may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
     or further copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However,
     you may accept compensation in exchange for copies.  If you
     distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow
     the conditions in section 3.

     You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
     and you may publicly display copies.

  3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

     If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than
     100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you
     must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly,
     all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
     Back-Cover Texts on the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly
     and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies.  The
     front cover must present the full title with all words of the
     title equally prominent and visible.  You may add other material
     on the covers in addition.  Copying with changes limited to the
     covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and
     satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in
     other respects.

     If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
     legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
     reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
     adjacent pages.

     If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
     numbering more than 100, you must either include a
     machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or
     state in or with each Opaque copy a publicly-accessible
     computer-network location containing a complete Transparent copy
     of the Document, free of added material, which the general
     network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
     charge using public-standard network protocols.  If you use the
     latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you
     begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
     this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
     location until at least one year after the last time you
     distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or
     retailers) of that edition to the public.

     It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
     the Document well before redistributing any large number of
     copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated
     version of the Document.

  4. MODIFICATIONS

     You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
     under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
     release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with
     the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus
     licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to
     whoever possesses a copy of it.  In addition, you must do these
     things in the Modified Version:

       A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
          distinct from that of the Document, and from those of
          previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed
          in the History section of the Document).  You may use the
          same title as a previous version if the original publisher of
          that version gives permission.

       B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
          entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
          the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
          principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
          authors, if it has less than five).

       C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
          Modified Version, as the publisher.

       D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.

       E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
          adjacent to the other copyright notices.

       F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
          notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
          Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
          the Addendum below.

       G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
          Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
          license notice.

       H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.

       I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and
          add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
          authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on
          the Title Page.  If there is no section entitled "History" in
          the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors,
          and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page,
          then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in
          the previous sentence.

       J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
          for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
          likewise the network locations given in the Document for
          previous versions it was based on.  These may be placed in
          the "History" section.  You may omit a network location for a
          work that was published at least four years before the
          Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version
          it refers to gives permission.

       K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgments" or "Dedications",
          preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all
          the substance and tone of each of the contributor
          acknowledgments and/or dedications given therein.

       L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
          unaltered in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers
          or the equivalent are not considered part of the section
          titles.

       M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements".  Such a section
          may not be included in the Modified Version.

       N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements" or to
          conflict in title with any Invariant Section.

     If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
     appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
     material copied from the Document, you may at your option
     designate some or all of these sections as invariant.  To do this,
     add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
     Version's license notice.  These titles must be distinct from any
     other section titles.

     You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
     nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
     parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
     has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
     definition of a standard.

     You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
     and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end
     of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one
     passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
     added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the
     Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
     previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity
     you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
     replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
     publisher that added the old one.

     The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
     License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
     assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

  5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

     You may combine the Document with other documents released under
     this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
     modified versions, provided that you include in the combination
     all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
     unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
     combined work in its license notice.

     The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
     multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
     copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
     but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
     by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
     original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
     unique number.  Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
     the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
     combined work.

     In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled
     "History" in the various original documents, forming one section
     entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections entitled
     "Acknowledgments", and any sections entitled "Dedications".  You
     must delete all sections entitled "Endorsements."

  6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

     You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
     documents released under this License, and replace the individual
     copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
     that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
     rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
     documents in all other respects.

     You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
     distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
     a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
     this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
     that document.

  7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

     A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
     separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
     a storage or distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a
     Modified Version of the Document, provided no compilation
     copyright is claimed for the compilation.  Such a compilation is
     called an "aggregate", and this License does not apply to the
     other self-contained works thus compiled with the Document, on
     account of their being thus compiled, if they are not themselves
     derivative works of the Document.

     If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
     copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one
     quarter of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be
     placed on covers that surround only the Document within the
     aggregate.  Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole
     aggregate.

  8. TRANSLATION

     Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
     distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
     4.  Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
     permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
     translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
     original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
     translation of this License provided that you also include the
     original English version of this License.  In case of a
     disagreement between the translation and the original English
     version of this License, the original English version will prevail.

  9. TERMINATION

     You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
     except as expressly provided for under this License.  Any other
     attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
     void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
     License.  However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
     from you under this License will not have their licenses
     terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.

 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

     The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
     the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new
     versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
     differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
     `http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.

     Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
     number.  If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
     version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
     have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
     that specified version or of any later version that has been
     published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.  If
     the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
     you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
     Free Software Foundation.

A.1.1 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
----------------------------------------------------------

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:

       Copyright (C)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.
       Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
       under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
       or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
       with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
       Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
       A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
       Free Documentation License''.

   If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections"
instead of saying which ones are invariant.  If you have no Front-Cover
Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of "Front-Cover Texts being
LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.

   If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
permit their use in free software.


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Indices,  Prev: Copying This Manual,  Up: Top

Appendix B Indices
******************

* Menu:

* Environment Variable Index::  Index of environment variables used
* Output Variable Index::       Index of variables set in output files
* Preprocessor Symbol Index::   Index of C preprocessor symbols defined
* Autoconf Macro Index::        Index of Autoconf macros
* M4 Macro Index::              Index of M4, M4sugar, and M4sh macros
* Autotest Macro Index::        Index of Autotest macros
* Program & Function Index::    Index of those with portability problems
* Concept Index::               General index


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Environment Variable Index,  Next: Output Variable Index,  Up: Indices

B.1 Environment Variable Index
==============================

This is an alphabetical list of the environment variables that Autoconf
checks.

[index]
* Menu:

* CDPATH:                                Special Shell Variables.
                                                              (line  13)
* CONFIG_COMMANDS:                       Obsolete config.status Use.
                                                              (line  11)
* CONFIG_FILES:                          Obsolete config.status Use.
                                                              (line  15)
* CONFIG_HEADERS:                        Obsolete config.status Use.
                                                              (line  20)
* CONFIG_LINKS:                          Obsolete config.status Use.
                                                              (line  25)
* CONFIG_SHELL:                          config.status Invocation.
                                                              (line  80)
* CONFIG_SITE:                           Site Defaults.       (line  10)
* CONFIG_STATUS:                         config.status Invocation.
                                                              (line  85)
* ENV:                                   Special Shell Variables.
                                                              (line 162)
* IFS:                                   Special Shell Variables.
                                                              (line  33)
* LANG:                                  Special Shell Variables.
                                                              (line  51)
* LANGUAGE:                              Special Shell Variables.
                                                              (line  60)
* LC_ADDRESS:                            Special Shell Variables.
                                                              (line  70)
* LC_ALL:                                Special Shell Variables.
                                                              (line  51)
* LC_COLLATE:                            Special Shell Variables.
                                                              (line  51)
* LC_CTYPE:                              Special Shell Variables.
                                                              (line  51)
* LC_IDENTIFICATION:                     Special Shell Variables.
                                                              (line  70)
* LC_MEASUREMENT:                        Special Shell Variables.
                                                              (line  70)
* LC_MESSAGES:                           Special Shell Variables.
                                                              (line  51)
* LC_MONETARY:                           Special Shell Variables.
                                                              (line  51)
* LC_NAME:                               Special Shell Variables.
                                                              (line  70)
* LC_NUMERIC:                            Special Shell Variables.
                                                              (line  51)
* LC_PAPER:                              Special Shell Variables.
                                                              (line  70)
* LC_TELEPHONE:                          Special Shell Variables.
                                                              (line  70)
* LC_TIME:                               Special Shell Variables.
                                                              (line  51)
* LINENO:                                Special Shell Variables.
                                                              (line  75)
* MAIL:                                  Special Shell Variables.
                                                              (line 162)
* MAILPATH:                              Special Shell Variables.
                                                              (line 162)
* NULLCMD:                               Special Shell Variables.
                                                              (line 150)
* PATH_SEPARATOR:                        Special Shell Variables.
                                                              (line 188)
* PS1:                                   Special Shell Variables.
                                                              (line 162)
* PS2:                                   Special Shell Variables.
                                                              (line 162)
* PS4:                                   Special Shell Variables.
                                                              (line 162)
* PWD:                                   Special Shell Variables.
                                                              (line 175)
* RANDOM:                                Special Shell Variables.
                                                              (line 201)
* SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX:                  autoupdate Invocation.
                                                              (line  16)
* status:                                Special Shell Variables.
                                                              (line 184)
* WARNINGS <1>:                          autom4te Invocation. (line  56)
* WARNINGS <2>:                          autoheader Invocation.
                                                              (line  75)
* WARNINGS <3>:                          autoreconf Invocation.
                                                              (line  81)
* WARNINGS:                              autoconf Invocation. (line  63)


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Output Variable Index,  Next: Preprocessor Symbol Index,  Prev: Environment Variable Index,  Up: Indices

B.2 Output Variable Index
=========================

This is an alphabetical list of the variables that Autoconf can
substitute into files that it creates, typically one or more
`Makefile's.  *Note Setting Output Variables::, for more information on
how this is done.

[index]
* Menu:

* abs_builddir:                          Preset Output Variables.
                                                              (line  97)
* abs_srcdir:                            Preset Output Variables.
                                                              (line 111)
* abs_top_builddir:                      Preset Output Variables.
                                                              (line 104)
* abs_top_srcdir:                        Preset Output Variables.
                                                              (line 118)
* ALLOCA:                                Particular Functions.
                                                              (line  10)
* AWK:                                   Particular Programs. (line  10)
* bindir:                                Installation Directory Variables.
                                                              (line  12)
* build:                                 Canonicalizing.      (line  26)
* build_alias:                           Canonicalizing.      (line   9)
* build_cpu:                             Canonicalizing.      (line  26)
* build_os:                              Canonicalizing.      (line  26)
* build_vendor:                          Canonicalizing.      (line  26)
* builddir:                              Preset Output Variables.
                                                              (line  94)
* CC <1>:                                System Services.     (line  45)
* CC:                                    C Compiler.          (line 212)
* CFLAGS <1>:                            Preset Output Variables.
                                                              (line  15)
* CFLAGS:                                C Compiler.          (line  48)
* configure_input:                       Preset Output Variables.
                                                              (line  22)
* CPP:                                   C Compiler.          (line  88)
* CPPFLAGS:                              Preset Output Variables.
                                                              (line  36)
* cross_compiling:                       Specifying Names.    (line  26)
* CXX:                                   C++ Compiler.        (line   7)
* CXXCPP:                                C++ Compiler.        (line  31)
* CXXFLAGS <1>:                          C++ Compiler.        (line   7)
* CXXFLAGS:                              Preset Output Variables.
                                                              (line  43)
* datadir:                               Installation Directory Variables.
                                                              (line  15)
* DEFS:                                  Preset Output Variables.
                                                              (line  50)
* ECHO_C:                                Preset Output Variables.
                                                              (line  60)
* ECHO_N:                                Preset Output Variables.
                                                              (line  60)
* ECHO_T:                                Preset Output Variables.
                                                              (line  60)
* EGREP:                                 Particular Programs. (line  16)
* exec_prefix:                           Installation Directory Variables.
                                                              (line  19)
* EXEEXT <1>:                            Compilers and Preprocessors.
                                                              (line   6)
* EXEEXT:                                Obsolete Macros.     (line 149)
* F77:                                   Fortran 77 Compiler. (line   7)
* FFLAGS <1>:                            Preset Output Variables.
                                                              (line  72)
* FFLAGS:                                Fortran 77 Compiler. (line   7)
* FGREP:                                 Particular Programs. (line  20)
* FLIBS:                                 Fortran 77 Compiler. (line  39)
* GETGROUPS_LIBS:                        Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 107)
* GETLOADAVG_LIBS:                       Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 113)
* host:                                  Canonicalizing.      (line  34)
* host_alias:                            Canonicalizing.      (line   9)
* host_cpu:                              Canonicalizing.      (line  34)
* host_os:                               Canonicalizing.      (line  34)
* host_vendor:                           Canonicalizing.      (line  34)
* includedir:                            Installation Directory Variables.
                                                              (line  26)
* infodir:                               Installation Directory Variables.
                                                              (line  29)
* INSTALL:                               Particular Programs. (line  24)
* INSTALL_DATA:                          Particular Programs. (line  24)
* INSTALL_PROGRAM:                       Particular Programs. (line  24)
* INSTALL_SCRIPT:                        Particular Programs. (line  24)
* KMEM_GROUP:                            Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 113)
* LDFLAGS:                               Preset Output Variables.
                                                              (line  79)
* LEX:                                   Particular Programs. (line  53)
* LEX_OUTPUT_ROOT:                       Particular Programs. (line  53)
* LEXLIB:                                Particular Programs. (line  53)
* libdir:                                Installation Directory Variables.
                                                              (line  32)
* libexecdir:                            Installation Directory Variables.
                                                              (line  35)
* LIBOBJS <1>:                           Generic Functions.   (line  41)
* LIBOBJS <2>:                           Particular Structures.
                                                              (line  17)
* LIBOBJS:                               Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 221)
* LIBS <1>:                              Obsolete Macros.     (line 567)
* LIBS <2>:                              UNIX Variants.       (line  23)
* LIBS <3>:                              Obsolete Macros.     (line 402)
* LIBS:                                  Preset Output Variables.
                                                              (line  87)
* LN_S:                                  Particular Programs. (line  91)
* localstatedir:                         Installation Directory Variables.
                                                              (line  38)
* mandir:                                Installation Directory Variables.
                                                              (line  41)
* NEED_SETGID:                           Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 113)
* OBJEXT <1>:                            Compilers and Preprocessors.
                                                              (line  11)
* OBJEXT:                                Obsolete Macros.     (line 304)
* oldincludedir:                         Installation Directory Variables.
                                                              (line  44)
* PACKAGE_BUGREPORT:                     Initializing configure.
                                                              (line  44)
* PACKAGE_NAME:                          Initializing configure.
                                                              (line  32)
* PACKAGE_STRING:                        Initializing configure.
                                                              (line  41)
* PACKAGE_TARNAME:                       Initializing configure.
                                                              (line  35)
* PACKAGE_VERSION:                       Initializing configure.
                                                              (line  38)
* POW_LIB:                               Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 278)
* prefix:                                Installation Directory Variables.
                                                              (line  47)
* program_transform_name:                Transforming Names.  (line  11)
* RANLIB:                                Particular Programs. (line 110)
* sbindir:                               Installation Directory Variables.
                                                              (line  52)
* SET_MAKE:                              Output.              (line  38)
* sharedstatedir:                        Installation Directory Variables.
                                                              (line  56)
* srcdir:                                Preset Output Variables.
                                                              (line 107)
* subdirs:                               Subdirectories.      (line  12)
* sysconfdir:                            Installation Directory Variables.
                                                              (line  60)
* target:                                Canonicalizing.      (line  41)
* target_alias:                          Canonicalizing.      (line   9)
* target_cpu:                            Canonicalizing.      (line  41)
* target_os:                             Canonicalizing.      (line  41)
* target_vendor:                         Canonicalizing.      (line  41)
* top_builddir:                          Preset Output Variables.
                                                              (line 100)
* top_srcdir:                            Preset Output Variables.
                                                              (line 114)
* U:                                     AC_LIBOBJ vs LIBOBJS.
                                                              (line  35)
* X_CFLAGS:                              System Services.     (line  26)
* X_EXTRA_LIBS:                          System Services.     (line  26)
* X_LIBS:                                System Services.     (line  26)
* X_PRE_LIBS:                            System Services.     (line  26)
* YACC:                                  Particular Programs. (line 114)


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Preprocessor Symbol Index,  Next: Autoconf Macro Index,  Prev: Output Variable Index,  Up: Indices

B.3 Preprocessor Symbol Index
=============================

This is an alphabetical list of the C preprocessor symbols that the
Autoconf macros define.  To work with Autoconf, C source code needs to
use these names in `#if' directives.

[index]
* Menu:

* __CHAR_UNSIGNED__:                     C Compiler.          (line 173)
* __PROTOTYPES:                          C Compiler.          (line 189)
* _ALL_SOURCE:                           UNIX Variants.       (line  13)
* _FILE_OFFSET_BITS:                     System Services.     (line  45)
* _GNU_SOURCE:                           UNIX Variants.       (line  18)
* _LARGE_FILES:                          System Services.     (line  45)
* _LARGEFILE_SOURCE:                     Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 103)
* _MINIX:                                UNIX Variants.       (line  31)
* _POSIX_1_SOURCE:                       UNIX Variants.       (line  31)
* _POSIX_SOURCE:                         UNIX Variants.       (line  31)
* _POSIX_VERSION:                        Particular Headers.  (line 153)
* C_ALLOCA:                              Particular Functions.
                                                              (line  10)
* C_GETLOADAVG:                          Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 113)
* CLOSEDIR_VOID:                         Particular Functions.
                                                              (line  58)
* const:                                 C Compiler.          (line 126)
* DGUX:                                  Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 113)
* DIRENT:                                Obsolete Macros.     (line 130)
* F77_DUMMY_MAIN:                        Fortran 77 Compiler. (line  65)
* F77_FUNC:                              Fortran 77 Compiler. (line 116)
* F77_FUNC_:                             Fortran 77 Compiler. (line 116)
* F77_MAIN:                              Fortran 77 Compiler. (line 102)
* F77_NO_MINUS_C_MINUS_O:                Fortran 77 Compiler. (line  29)
* GETGROUPS_T:                           Particular Types.    (line  10)
* GETLODAVG_PRIVILEGED:                  Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 113)
* GETPGRP_VOID:                          Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 149)
* gid_t:                                 Particular Types.    (line  44)
* GWINSZ_IN_SYS_IOCTL:                   Particular Headers.  (line 190)
* HAVE__BOOL:                            Particular Headers.  (line  57)
* HAVE_ALLOCA_H:                         Particular Functions.
                                                              (line  10)
* HAVE_CONFIG_H:                         Configuration Headers.
                                                              (line  26)
* HAVE_DECL_STRERROR_R:                  Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 284)
* HAVE_DECL_SYMBOL:                      Generic Declarations.
                                                              (line  23)
* HAVE_DIRENT_H:                         Particular Headers.  (line  10)
* HAVE_DOPRNT:                           Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 306)
* HAVE_FUNCTION:                         Generic Functions.   (line  25)
* HAVE_GETMNTENT:                        Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 144)
* HAVE_HEADER:                           Generic Headers.     (line  23)
* HAVE_LONG_DOUBLE:                      C Compiler.          (line 177)
* HAVE_LONG_FILE_NAMES:                  System Services.     (line  60)
* HAVE_LSTAT_EMPTY_STRING_BUG:           Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 258)
* HAVE_MALLOC:                           Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 178)
* HAVE_MBRTOWC:                          Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 217)
* HAVE_MMAP:                             Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 225)
* HAVE_NDIR_H:                           Particular Headers.  (line  10)
* HAVE_NLIST_H:                          Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 113)
* HAVE_OBSTACK:                          Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 230)
* HAVE_REALLOC:                          Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 234)
* HAVE_RESTARTABLE_SYSCALLS:             Obsolete Macros.     (line 440)
* HAVE_ST_BLKSIZE:                       Particular Structures.
                                                              (line   9)
* HAVE_ST_BLOCKS:                        Particular Structures.
                                                              (line  17)
* HAVE_ST_RDEV:                          Particular Structures.
                                                              (line  23)
* HAVE_STAT_EMPTY_STRING_BUG:            Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 258)
* HAVE_STDBOOL_H:                        Particular Headers.  (line  57)
* HAVE_STRCOLL:                          Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 272)
* HAVE_STRERROR_R:                       Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 284)
* HAVE_STRFTIME:                         Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 294)
* HAVE_STRINGIZE:                        C Compiler.          (line 182)
* HAVE_STRNLEN:                          Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 298)
* HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BLKSIZE:           Particular Structures.
                                                              (line   9)
* HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BLOCKS:            Particular Structures.
                                                              (line  17)
* HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_RDEV:              Particular Structures.
                                                              (line  23)
* HAVE_SYS_DIR_H:                        Particular Headers.  (line  10)
* HAVE_SYS_NDIR_H:                       Particular Headers.  (line  10)
* HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H:                       Particular Headers.  (line 135)
* HAVE_TM_ZONE:                          Particular Structures.
                                                              (line  36)
* HAVE_TZNAME:                           Particular Structures.
                                                              (line  36)
* HAVE_UTIME_NULL:                       Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 302)
* HAVE_VFORK_H:                          Particular Functions.
                                                              (line  81)
* HAVE_VPRINTF:                          Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 306)
* HAVE_WAIT3:                            Obsolete Macros.     (line 170)
* HAVE_WORKING_FORK:                     Particular Functions.
                                                              (line  81)
* HAVE_WORKING_VFORK:                    Particular Functions.
                                                              (line  81)
* inline:                                C Compiler.          (line 168)
* INT_16_BITS:                           Obsolete Macros.     (line 221)
* LONG_64_BITS:                          Obsolete Macros.     (line 272)
* LSTAT_FOLLOWS_SLASHED_SYMLINK:         Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 165)
* MAJOR_IN_MKDEV:                        Particular Headers.  (line  46)
* MAJOR_IN_SYSMACROS:                    Particular Headers.  (line  46)
* malloc:                                Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 178)
* mbstate_t:                             Particular Types.    (line  14)
* mode_t:                                Particular Types.    (line  19)
* NDIR:                                  Obsolete Macros.     (line 130)
* NEED_MEMORY_H:                         Obsolete Macros.     (line 285)
* NEED_SETGID:                           Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 113)
* NLIST_NAME_UNION:                      Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 113)
* NO_MINUS_C_MINUS_O:                    C Compiler.          (line  80)
* off_t:                                 Particular Types.    (line  22)
* PACKAGE_BUGREPORT:                     Initializing configure.
                                                              (line  44)
* PACKAGE_NAME:                          Initializing configure.
                                                              (line  32)
* PACKAGE_STRING:                        Initializing configure.
                                                              (line  41)
* PACKAGE_TARNAME:                       Initializing configure.
                                                              (line  35)
* PACKAGE_VERSION:                       Initializing configure.
                                                              (line  38)
* PARAMS:                                C Compiler.          (line 189)
* pid_t:                                 Particular Types.    (line  25)
* PROTOTYPES:                            C Compiler.          (line 189)
* realloc:                               Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 234)
* RETSIGTYPE:                            Particular Types.    (line  28)
* SELECT_TYPE_ARG1:                      Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 242)
* SELECT_TYPE_ARG234:                    Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 242)
* SELECT_TYPE_ARG5:                      Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 242)
* SETPGRP_VOID:                          Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 250)
* SETVBUF_REVERSED:                      Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 267)
* size_t:                                Particular Types.    (line  41)
* STDC_HEADERS:                          Particular Headers.  (line  80)
* STRERROR_R_CHAR_P:                     Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 284)
* SVR4:                                  Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 113)
* SYS_SIGLIST_DECLARED:                  Obsolete Macros.     (line 124)
* SYSDIR:                                Obsolete Macros.     (line 130)
* SYSNDIR:                               Obsolete Macros.     (line 130)
* TIME_WITH_SYS_TIME:                    Particular Headers.  (line 169)
* TM_IN_SYS_TIME:                        Particular Structures.
                                                              (line  31)
* uid_t:                                 Particular Types.    (line  44)
* UMAX:                                  Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 113)
* UMAX4_3:                               Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 113)
* USG:                                   Obsolete Macros.     (line 536)
* vfork:                                 Particular Functions.
                                                              (line  81)
* volatile:                              C Compiler.          (line 151)
* WORDS_BIGENDIAN:                       C Compiler.          (line 109)
* X_DISPLAY_MISSING:                     System Services.     (line  26)
* YYTEXT_POINTER:                        Particular Programs. (line  53)


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Autoconf Macro Index,  Next: M4 Macro Index,  Prev: Preprocessor Symbol Index,  Up: Indices

B.4 Autoconf Macro Index
========================

This is an alphabetical list of the Autoconf macros.  To make the list
easier to use, the macros are listed without their preceding `AC_'.

[index]
* Menu:

* AH_BOTTOM:                             Autoheader Macros.   (line  56)
* AH_TEMPLATE:                           Autoheader Macros.   (line  32)
* AH_TOP:                                Autoheader Macros.   (line  53)
* AH_VERBATIM:                           Autoheader Macros.   (line  18)
* AIX:                                   UNIX Variants.       (line  13)
* ALLOCA:                                Obsolete Macros.     (line  20)
* ARG_ARRAY:                             Obsolete Macros.     (line  23)
* ARG_ENABLE:                            Package Options.     (line  40)
* ARG_PROGRAM:                           Transforming Names.  (line  11)
* ARG_VAR:                               Setting Output Variables.
                                                              (line  58)
* ARG_WITH:                              External Software.   (line  41)
* AU_DEFUN:                              Obsoleting Macros.   (line  18)
* BEFORE:                                Suggested Ordering.  (line  28)
* BOTTOM:                                Autoheader Macros.   (line  56)
* C_BIGENDIAN:                           C Compiler.          (line 109)
* C_CHAR_UNSIGNED:                       C Compiler.          (line 173)
* C_CONST:                               C Compiler.          (line 126)
* C_CROSS:                               Obsolete Macros.     (line  26)
* C_INLINE:                              C Compiler.          (line 168)
* C_LONG_DOUBLE:                         C Compiler.          (line 177)
* C_PROTOTYPES:                          C Compiler.          (line 189)
* C_STRINGIZE:                           C Compiler.          (line 182)
* C_VOLATILE:                            C Compiler.          (line 151)
* CACHE_CHECK:                           Caching Results.     (line  30)
* CACHE_LOAD:                            Cache Checkpointing. (line  13)
* CACHE_SAVE:                            Cache Checkpointing. (line  17)
* CACHE_VAL:                             Caching Results.     (line  16)
* CANONICAL_BUILD:                       Canonicalizing.      (line  26)
* CANONICAL_HOST:                        Canonicalizing.      (line  34)
* CANONICAL_SYSTEM:                      Obsolete Macros.     (line  29)
* CANONICAL_TARGET:                      Canonicalizing.      (line  41)
* CHAR_UNSIGNED:                         Obsolete Macros.     (line  39)
* CHECK_DECL:                            Generic Declarations.
                                                              (line  11)
* CHECK_DECLS:                           Generic Declarations.
                                                              (line  23)
* CHECK_FILE:                            Files.               (line  13)
* CHECK_FILES:                           Files.               (line  19)
* CHECK_FUNC:                            Generic Functions.   (line  15)
* CHECK_FUNCS:                           Generic Functions.   (line  25)
* CHECK_HEADER:                          Generic Headers.     (line  13)
* CHECK_HEADERS:                         Generic Headers.     (line  23)
* CHECK_LIB:                             Libraries.           (line  11)
* CHECK_MEMBER:                          Generic Structures.  (line  11)
* CHECK_MEMBERS:                         Generic Structures.  (line  25)
* CHECK_PROG:                            Generic Programs.    (line  23)
* CHECK_PROGS:                           Generic Programs.    (line  33)
* CHECK_SIZEOF:                          Generic Compiler Characteristics.
                                                              (line   8)
* CHECK_TOOL:                            Generic Programs.    (line  43)
* CHECK_TOOLS:                           Generic Programs.    (line  54)
* CHECK_TYPE <1>:                        Generic Types.       (line  11)
* CHECK_TYPE:                            Obsolete Macros.     (line  42)
* CHECK_TYPES:                           Generic Types.       (line  16)
* CHECKING:                              Obsolete Macros.     (line  89)
* COMPILE_CHECK:                         Obsolete Macros.     (line  93)
* COMPILE_IFELSE:                        Running the Compiler.
                                                              (line  13)
* CONFIG_AUX_DIR:                        Input.               (line  20)
* CONFIG_COMMANDS:                       Configuration Commands.
                                                              (line  13)
* CONFIG_FILES:                          Configuration Files. (line   9)
* CONFIG_HEADERS:                        Configuration Headers.
                                                              (line  26)
* CONFIG_LIBOBJ_DIR:                     Generic Functions.   (line  81)
* CONFIG_LINKS:                          Configuration Links. (line  12)
* CONFIG_SRCDIR:                         Input.               (line   7)
* CONFIG_SUBDIRS:                        Subdirectories.      (line  12)
* CONFIG_TESTDIR:                        Making testsuite Scripts.
                                                              (line  37)
* CONST:                                 Obsolete Macros.     (line 101)
* COPYRIGHT:                             Notices.             (line  21)
* CROSS_CHECK:                           Obsolete Macros.     (line 104)
* CYGWIN:                                Obsolete Macros.     (line 108)
* DECL_SYS_SIGLIST:                      Obsolete Macros.     (line 124)
* DECL_YYTEXT:                           Obsolete Macros.     (line 127)
* DEFINE:                                Defining Symbols.    (line  30)
* DEFINE_UNQUOTED:                       Defining Symbols.    (line  51)
* DEFUN <1>:                             Macro Definitions.   (line   6)
* DEFUN:                                 Obsoleting Macros.   (line  18)
* DIAGNOSE:                              Reporting Messages.  (line  11)
* DIR_HEADER:                            Obsolete Macros.     (line 130)
* DYNIX_SEQ:                             Obsolete Macros.     (line 141)
* EGREP_CPP:                             Running the Preprocessor.
                                                              (line  69)
* EGREP_HEADER:                          Running the Preprocessor.
                                                              (line  62)
* EMXOS2:                                Obsolete Macros.     (line 154)
* ENABLE:                                Package Options.     (line  57)
* ERROR:                                 Obsolete Macros.     (line 158)
* EXEEXT:                                Obsolete Macros.     (line 149)
* F77_DUMMY_MAIN:                        Fortran 77 Compiler. (line  65)
* F77_FUNC:                              Fortran 77 Compiler. (line 171)
* F77_LIBRARY_LDFLAGS:                   Fortran 77 Compiler. (line  39)
* F77_MAIN:                              Fortran 77 Compiler. (line 102)
* F77_WRAPPERS:                          Fortran 77 Compiler. (line 116)
* FATAL:                                 Reporting Messages.  (line  33)
* FIND_X:                                Obsolete Macros.     (line 161)
* FIND_XTRA:                             Obsolete Macros.     (line 164)
* FUNC_ALLOCA:                           Particular Functions.
                                                              (line  10)
* FUNC_CHECK:                            Obsolete Macros.     (line 167)
* FUNC_CHOWN:                            Particular Functions.
                                                              (line  54)
* FUNC_CLOSEDIR_VOID:                    Particular Functions.
                                                              (line  58)
* FUNC_ERROR_AT_LINE:                    Particular Functions.
                                                              (line  63)
* FUNC_FNMATCH:                          Particular Functions.
                                                              (line  67)
* FUNC_FNMATCH_GNU:                      Particular Functions.
                                                              (line  76)
* FUNC_FORK:                             Particular Functions.
                                                              (line  81)
* FUNC_FSEEKO:                           Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 103)
* FUNC_GETGROUPS:                        Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 107)
* FUNC_GETLOADAVG:                       Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 113)
* FUNC_GETMNTENT:                        Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 144)
* FUNC_GETPGRP:                          Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 149)
* FUNC_LSTAT:                            Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 258)
* FUNC_LSTAT_FOLLOWS_SLASHED_SYMLINK:    Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 165)
* FUNC_MALLOC:                           Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 178)
* FUNC_MBRTOWC:                          Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 217)
* FUNC_MEMCMP:                           Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 210)
* FUNC_MKTIME:                           Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 221)
* FUNC_MMAP:                             Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 225)
* FUNC_OBSTACK:                          Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 230)
* FUNC_REALLOC:                          Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 234)
* FUNC_SELECT_ARGTYPES:                  Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 242)
* FUNC_SETPGRP:                          Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 250)
* FUNC_SETVBUF_REVERSED:                 Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 267)
* FUNC_STAT:                             Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 258)
* FUNC_STRCOLL:                          Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 272)
* FUNC_STRERROR_R:                       Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 284)
* FUNC_STRFTIME:                         Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 294)
* FUNC_STRNLEN:                          Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 298)
* FUNC_STRTOD:                           Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 278)
* FUNC_UTIME_NULL:                       Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 302)
* FUNC_VPRINTF:                          Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 306)
* FUNC_WAIT3:                            Obsolete Macros.     (line 170)
* GCC_TRADITIONAL:                       Obsolete Macros.     (line 179)
* GETGROUPS_T:                           Obsolete Macros.     (line 182)
* GETLOADAVG:                            Obsolete Macros.     (line 185)
* GNU_SOURCE:                            UNIX Variants.       (line  18)
* HAVE_C_BACKSLASH_A:                    C Compiler.          (line 104)
* HAVE_FUNCS:                            Obsolete Macros.     (line 188)
* HAVE_HEADERS:                          Obsolete Macros.     (line 191)
* HAVE_LIBRARY:                          Obsolete Macros.     (line 195)
* HAVE_POUNDBANG:                        Obsolete Macros.     (line 202)
* HEADER_CHECK:                          Obsolete Macros.     (line 205)
* HEADER_DIRENT:                         Particular Headers.  (line  10)
* HEADER_EGREP:                          Obsolete Macros.     (line 208)
* HEADER_MAJOR:                          Particular Headers.  (line  46)
* HEADER_STAT:                           Particular Headers.  (line  51)
* HEADER_STDBOOL:                        Particular Headers.  (line  57)
* HEADER_STDC:                           Particular Headers.  (line  80)
* HEADER_SYS_WAIT:                       Particular Headers.  (line 135)
* HEADER_TIME:                           Particular Headers.  (line 169)
* HEADER_TIOCGWINSZ:                     Particular Headers.  (line 190)
* HELP_STRING:                           Pretty Help Strings. (line  14)
* INIT <1>:                              Initializing configure.
                                                              (line  10)
* INIT:                                  Obsolete Macros.     (line 211)
* INLINE:                                Obsolete Macros.     (line 218)
* INT_16_BITS:                           Obsolete Macros.     (line 221)
* IRIX_SUN:                              Obsolete Macros.     (line 225)
* ISC_POSIX:                             UNIX Variants.       (line  23)
* LANG_C:                                Obsolete Macros.     (line 239)
* LANG_CALL:                             Generating Sources.  (line  89)
* LANG_CONFTEST:                         Generating Sources.  (line  12)
* LANG_CPLUSPLUS:                        Obsolete Macros.     (line 242)
* LANG_FORTRAN77:                        Obsolete Macros.     (line 245)
* LANG_FUNC_LINK_TRY:                    Generating Sources.  (line  99)
* LANG_POP:                              Language Choice.     (line  37)
* LANG_PROGRAM:                          Generating Sources.  (line  51)
* LANG_PUSH:                             Language Choice.     (line  32)
* LANG_RESTORE:                          Obsolete Macros.     (line 248)
* LANG_SAVE:                             Obsolete Macros.     (line 253)
* LANG_SOURCE:                           Generating Sources.  (line  21)
* LIBOBJ:                                Generic Functions.   (line  41)
* LIBSOURCE:                             Generic Functions.   (line  49)
* LIBSOURCES:                            Generic Functions.   (line  73)
* LINK_FILES:                            Obsolete Macros.     (line 257)
* LINK_IFELSE:                           Running the Linker.  (line  25)
* LN_S:                                  Obsolete Macros.     (line 269)
* LONG_64_BITS:                          Obsolete Macros.     (line 272)
* LONG_DOUBLE:                           Obsolete Macros.     (line 276)
* LONG_FILE_NAMES:                       Obsolete Macros.     (line 279)
* MAJOR_HEADER:                          Obsolete Macros.     (line 282)
* MEMORY_H:                              Obsolete Macros.     (line 285)
* MINGW32:                               Obsolete Macros.     (line 291)
* MINIX:                                 UNIX Variants.       (line  31)
* MINUS_C_MINUS_O:                       Obsolete Macros.     (line 295)
* MMAP:                                  Obsolete Macros.     (line 298)
* MODE_T:                                Obsolete Macros.     (line 301)
* MSG_CHECKING:                          Printing Messages.   (line  23)
* MSG_ERROR:                             Printing Messages.   (line  55)
* MSG_FAILURE:                           Printing Messages.   (line  65)
* MSG_NOTICE:                            Printing Messages.   (line  45)
* MSG_RESULT:                            Printing Messages.   (line  34)
* MSG_WARN:                              Printing Messages.   (line  71)
* OBJEXT:                                Obsolete Macros.     (line 304)
* OBSOLETE:                              Obsolete Macros.     (line 310)
* OFF_T:                                 Obsolete Macros.     (line 325)
* OUTPUT <1>:                            Obsolete Macros.     (line 328)
* OUTPUT:                                Output.              (line  13)
* OUTPUT_COMMANDS:                       Obsolete Macros.     (line 337)
* OUTPUT_COMMANDS_POST:                  Configuration Commands.
                                                              (line  33)
* OUTPUT_COMMANDS_PRE:                   Configuration Commands.
                                                              (line  30)
* PACKAGE_BUGREPORT:                     Initializing configure.
                                                              (line  44)
* PACKAGE_NAME:                          Initializing configure.
                                                              (line  32)
* PACKAGE_STRING:                        Initializing configure.
                                                              (line  41)
* PACKAGE_TARNAME:                       Initializing configure.
                                                              (line  35)
* PACKAGE_VERSION:                       Initializing configure.
                                                              (line  38)
* PATH_PROG:                             Generic Programs.    (line  66)
* PATH_PROGS:                            Generic Programs.    (line  71)
* PATH_TOOL:                             Generic Programs.    (line  76)
* PATH_X:                                System Services.     (line  10)
* PATH_XTRA:                             System Services.     (line  26)
* PID_T:                                 Obsolete Macros.     (line 366)
* PREFIX:                                Obsolete Macros.     (line 369)
* PREFIX_DEFAULT:                        Default Prefix.      (line  16)
* PREFIX_PROGRAM:                        Default Prefix.      (line  25)
* PREPROC_IFELSE:                        Running the Preprocessor.
                                                              (line  17)
* PREREQ:                                Notices.             (line  10)
* PROG_AWK:                              Particular Programs. (line  10)
* PROG_CC:                               C Compiler.          (line  48)
* PROG_CC_C_O:                           C Compiler.          (line  80)
* PROG_CC_STDC:                          Obsolete Macros.     (line 372)
* PROG_CPP:                              C Compiler.          (line  88)
* PROG_CXX:                              C++ Compiler.        (line   7)
* PROG_CXXCPP:                           C++ Compiler.        (line  31)
* PROG_EGREP:                            Particular Programs. (line  16)
* PROG_F77_C_O:                          Fortran 77 Compiler. (line  29)
* PROG_FGREP:                            Particular Programs. (line  20)
* PROG_FORTRAN:                          Fortran 77 Compiler. (line   7)
* PROG_GCC_TRADITIONAL:                  C Compiler.          (line 212)
* PROG_INSTALL:                          Particular Programs. (line  24)
* PROG_LEX:                              Particular Programs. (line  53)
* PROG_LN_S:                             Particular Programs. (line  91)
* PROG_MAKE_SET:                         Output.              (line  38)
* PROG_RANLIB:                           Particular Programs. (line 110)
* PROG_YACC:                             Particular Programs. (line 114)
* PROGRAM_CHECK:                         Obsolete Macros.     (line 381)
* PROGRAM_EGREP:                         Obsolete Macros.     (line 384)
* PROGRAM_PATH:                          Obsolete Macros.     (line 387)
* PROGRAMS_CHECK:                        Obsolete Macros.     (line 375)
* PROGRAMS_PATH:                         Obsolete Macros.     (line 378)
* REMOTE_TAPE:                           Obsolete Macros.     (line 390)
* REPLACE_FNMATCH:                       Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 312)
* REPLACE_FUNCS:                         Generic Functions.   (line  98)
* REQUIRE:                               Prerequisite Macros. (line  17)
* REQUIRE_CPP:                           Language Choice.     (line  50)
* RESTARTABLE_SYSCALLS:                  Obsolete Macros.     (line 393)
* RETSIGTYPE:                            Obsolete Macros.     (line 396)
* REVISION:                              Notices.             (line  29)
* RSH:                                   Obsolete Macros.     (line 399)
* RUN_IFELSE:                            Run Time.            (line  20)
* SCO_INTL:                              Obsolete Macros.     (line 402)
* SEARCH_LIBS:                           Libraries.           (line  41)
* SET_MAKE:                              Obsolete Macros.     (line 413)
* SETVBUF_REVERSED:                      Obsolete Macros.     (line 410)
* SIZE_T:                                Obsolete Macros.     (line 419)
* SIZEOF_TYPE:                           Obsolete Macros.     (line 416)
* ST_BLKSIZE:                            Obsolete Macros.     (line 431)
* ST_BLOCKS:                             Obsolete Macros.     (line 434)
* ST_RDEV:                               Obsolete Macros.     (line 437)
* STAT_MACROS_BROKEN <1>:                Obsolete Macros.     (line 422)
* STAT_MACROS_BROKEN:                    Particular Headers.  (line  51)
* STDC_HEADERS:                          Obsolete Macros.     (line 425)
* STRCOLL:                               Obsolete Macros.     (line 428)
* STRUCT_ST_BLKSIZE:                     Particular Structures.
                                                              (line   9)
* STRUCT_ST_BLOCKS:                      Particular Structures.
                                                              (line  17)
* STRUCT_ST_RDEV:                        Particular Structures.
                                                              (line  23)
* STRUCT_TIMEZONE:                       Particular Structures.
                                                              (line  36)
* STRUCT_TM:                             Particular Structures.
                                                              (line  31)
* SUBST:                                 Setting Output Variables.
                                                              (line  13)
* SUBST_FILE:                            Setting Output Variables.
                                                              (line  23)
* SYS_INTERPRETER:                       System Services.     (line  38)
* SYS_LARGEFILE:                         System Services.     (line  45)
* SYS_LONG_FILE_NAMES:                   System Services.     (line  60)
* SYS_POSIX_TERMIOS:                     System Services.     (line  64)
* SYS_RESTARTABLE_SYSCALLS:              Obsolete Macros.     (line 440)
* SYS_SIGLIST_DECLARED:                  Obsolete Macros.     (line 455)
* TEMPLATE:                              Autoheader Macros.   (line  32)
* TEST_CPP:                              Obsolete Macros.     (line 458)
* TEST_PROGRAM:                          Obsolete Macros.     (line 461)
* TIME_WITH_SYS_TIME:                    Obsolete Macros.     (line 467)
* TIMEZONE:                              Obsolete Macros.     (line 464)
* TOP:                                   Autoheader Macros.   (line  53)
* TRY_COMPILE:                           Obsolete Macros.     (line 471)
* TRY_CPP:                               Obsolete Macros.     (line 486)
* TRY_LINK:                              Obsolete Macros.     (line 494)
* TRY_LINK_FUNC:                         Obsolete Macros.     (line 519)
* TRY_RUN:                               Obsolete Macros.     (line 525)
* TYPE_GETGROUPS:                        Particular Types.    (line  10)
* TYPE_MBSTATE_T:                        Particular Types.    (line  14)
* TYPE_MODE_T:                           Particular Types.    (line  19)
* TYPE_OFF_T:                            Particular Types.    (line  22)
* TYPE_PID_T:                            Particular Types.    (line  25)
* TYPE_SIGNAL:                           Particular Types.    (line  28)
* TYPE_SIZE_T:                           Particular Types.    (line  41)
* TYPE_UID_T:                            Particular Types.    (line  44)
* UID_T:                                 Obsolete Macros.     (line 530)
* UNISTD_H:                              Obsolete Macros.     (line 533)
* USG:                                   Obsolete Macros.     (line 536)
* UTIME_NULL:                            Obsolete Macros.     (line 541)
* VALIDATE_CACHED_SYSTEM_TUPLE:          Obsolete Macros.     (line 544)
* VERBATIM:                              Autoheader Macros.   (line  18)
* VERBOSE:                               Obsolete Macros.     (line 549)
* VFORK:                                 Obsolete Macros.     (line 552)
* VPRINTF:                               Obsolete Macros.     (line 555)
* WAIT3:                                 Obsolete Macros.     (line 558)
* WARN:                                  Obsolete Macros.     (line 561)
* WARNING:                               Reporting Messages.  (line  29)
* WITH:                                  External Software.   (line  67)
* WORDS_BIGENDIAN:                       Obsolete Macros.     (line 564)
* XENIX_DIR:                             Obsolete Macros.     (line 567)
* YYTEXT_POINTER:                        Obsolete Macros.     (line 582)


File: autoconf.info,  Node: M4 Macro Index,  Next: Autotest Macro Index,  Prev: Autoconf Macro Index,  Up: Indices

B.5 M4 Macro Index
==================

This is an alphabetical list of the M4, M4sugar, and M4sh macros.  To
make the list easier to use, the macros are listed without their
preceding `m4_' or `AS_'.

[index]
* Menu:

* bpatsubst:                             Redefined M4 Macros.  (line 36)
* bregexp:                               Redefined M4 Macros.  (line 45)
* defn:                                  Redefined M4 Macros.  (line 41)
* DIRNAME:                               Programming in M4sh.  (line 26)
* dnl:                                   Redefined M4 Macros.  (line 13)
* dquote:                                Evaluation Macros.    (line 11)
* m4_exit:                               Redefined M4 Macros.  (line 20)
* m4_if:                                 Redefined M4 Macros.  (line 25)
* m4_wrap:                               Redefined M4 Macros.  (line 50)
* MKDIR_P:                               Programming in M4sh.  (line 32)
* pattern_allow:                         Forbidden Patterns.   (line 28)
* pattern_forbid:                        Forbidden Patterns.   (line 15)
* quote:                                 Evaluation Macros.    (line 14)
* undefine:                              Redefined M4 Macros.  (line 28)


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Autotest Macro Index,  Next: Program & Function Index,  Prev: M4 Macro Index,  Up: Indices

B.6 Autotest Macro Index
========================

This is an alphabetical list of the Autotest macros.  To make the list
easier to use, the macros are listed without their preceding `AT_'.

[index]
* Menu:

* CHECK:                                 Writing testsuite.at. (line 65)
* CLEANUP:                               Writing testsuite.at. (line 55)
* DATA:                                  Writing testsuite.at. (line 59)
* INIT:                                  Writing testsuite.at. (line 16)
* KEYWORDS:                              Writing testsuite.at. (line 43)
* SETUP:                                 Writing testsuite.at. (line 37)
* TESTED:                                Writing testsuite.at. (line 22)


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Program & Function Index,  Next: Concept Index,  Prev: Autotest Macro Index,  Up: Indices

B.7 Program and Function Index
==============================

This is an alphabetical list of the programs and functions which
portability is discussed in this document.

[index]
* Menu:

* !:                                     Limitations of Builtins.
                                                              (line  23)
* .:                                     Limitations of Builtins.
                                                              (line  16)
* /usr/xpg4/bin/sh on Solaris:           Shellology.          (line  53)
* alloca:                                Particular Functions.
                                                              (line  10)
* awk:                                   Limitations of Usual Tools.
                                                              (line  10)
* break:                                 Limitations of Builtins.
                                                              (line  26)
* case:                                  Limitations of Builtins.
                                                              (line  47)
* cat:                                   Limitations of Usual Tools.
                                                              (line  53)
* cd:                                    Limitations of Builtins.
                                                              (line  29)
* chown:                                 Particular Functions.
                                                              (line  54)
* closedir:                              Particular Functions.
                                                              (line  58)
* cmp:                                   Limitations of Usual Tools.
                                                              (line  76)
* cp:                                    Limitations of Usual Tools.
                                                              (line  83)
* date:                                  Limitations of Usual Tools.
                                                              (line 114)
* diff:                                  Limitations of Usual Tools.
                                                              (line 124)
* dirname:                               Limitations of Usual Tools.
                                                              (line 130)
* echo:                                  Limitations of Builtins.
                                                              (line  80)
* egrep:                                 Limitations of Usual Tools.
                                                              (line 154)
* error_at_line:                         Particular Functions.
                                                              (line  63)
* exit:                                  Limitations of Builtins.
                                                              (line 107)
* export:                                Limitations of Builtins.
                                                              (line 132)
* expr:                                  Limitations of Usual Tools.
                                                              (line 197)
* expr (|):                              Limitations of Usual Tools.
                                                              (line 178)
* false:                                 Limitations of Builtins.
                                                              (line 158)
* fgrep:                                 Limitations of Usual Tools.
                                                              (line 245)
* fnmatch:                               Particular Functions.
                                                              (line  67)
* for:                                   Limitations of Builtins.
                                                              (line 162)
* fork:                                  Particular Functions.
                                                              (line  81)
* fseeko:                                Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 103)
* getgroups:                             Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 107)
* getloadavg:                            Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 113)
* getmntent:                             Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 144)
* getpgid:                               Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 149)
* getpgrp:                               Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 149)
* grep:                                  Limitations of Usual Tools.
                                                              (line 264)
* if:                                    Limitations of Builtins.
                                                              (line 188)
* ln:                                    Limitations of Usual Tools.
                                                              (line 278)
* ls:                                    Limitations of Usual Tools.
                                                              (line 290)
* lstat:                                 Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 165)
* malloc:                                Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 178)
* mbrtowc:                               Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 217)
* memcmp:                                Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 210)
* mkdir:                                 Limitations of Usual Tools.
                                                              (line 302)
* mktime:                                Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 221)
* mmap:                                  Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 225)
* mv:                                    Limitations of Usual Tools.
                                                              (line 307)
* pwd:                                   Limitations of Builtins.
                                                              (line 217)
* realloc:                               Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 234)
* sed:                                   Limitations of Usual Tools.
                                                              (line 350)
* sed (t):                               Limitations of Usual Tools.
                                                              (line 407)
* select:                                Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 242)
* set:                                   Limitations of Builtins.
                                                              (line 248)
* setpgrp:                               Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 250)
* setvbuf:                               Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 267)
* shift:                                 Limitations of Builtins.
                                                              (line 265)
* snprintf:                              Function Portability.
                                                              (line  17)
* source:                                Limitations of Builtins.
                                                              (line 270)
* sprintf:                               Function Portability.
                                                              (line  28)
* sscanf:                                Function Portability.
                                                              (line  33)
* stat:                                  Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 258)
* strcoll:                               Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 272)
* strerror_r:                            Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 284)
* strftime:                              Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 294)
* strnlen <1>:                           Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 298)
* strnlen:                               Function Portability.
                                                              (line  41)
* strtod:                                Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 278)
* test:                                  Limitations of Builtins.
                                                              (line 274)
* touch:                                 Limitations of Usual Tools.
                                                              (line 467)
* trap:                                  Limitations of Builtins.
                                                              (line 355)
* true:                                  Limitations of Builtins.
                                                              (line 395)
* unlink:                                Function Portability.
                                                              (line  56)
* unset:                                 Limitations of Builtins.
                                                              (line 406)
* utime:                                 Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 302)
* va_copy:                               Function Portability.
                                                              (line  66)
* va_list:                               Function Portability.
                                                              (line  73)
* vfork:                                 Particular Functions.
                                                              (line  81)
* vprintf:                               Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 306)
* vsnprintf:                             Function Portability.
                                                              (line  17)
* vsprintf:                              Function Portability.
                                                              (line  28)


File: autoconf.info,  Node: Concept Index,  Prev: Program & Function Index,  Up: Indices

B.8 Concept Index
=================

This is an alphabetical list of the files, tools, and concepts
introduced in this document.

[index]
* Menu:

* "$@":                                  Shell Substitutions. (line  31)
* $(COMMANDS):                           Shell Substitutions. (line 168)
* $<, explicit rules, and VPATH:         Limitations of Make. (line 257)
* $<, inference rules, and VPATH:        Limitations of Make. (line 236)
* $U:                                    AC_LIBOBJ vs LIBOBJS.
                                                              (line  35)
* ${VAR=EXPANDED-VALUE}:                 Shell Substitutions. (line 107)
* ${VAR=LITERAL}:                        Shell Substitutions. (line  77)
* @&t@:                                  Quadrigraphs.        (line   6)
* @S|@:                                  Quadrigraphs.        (line   6)
* _m4_divert_diversion:                  New Macros.          (line   6)
* `COMMANDS`:                            Shell Substitutions. (line 153)
* acconfig.h:                            acconfig.h.          (line   6)
* aclocal.m4:                            Making configure Scripts.
                                                              (line   6)
* Ash:                                   Shellology.          (line  15)
* autoconf:                              autoconf Invocation. (line   6)
* autoheader:                            autoheader Invocation.
                                                              (line   6)
* Autom4te Library:                      autom4te Invocation. (line 246)
* autom4te.cache:                        autom4te Invocation. (line 151)
* autom4te.cfg:                          autom4te Invocation. (line 273)
* Automake:                              Automake.            (line  19)
* automatic rule rewriting and VPATH:    Limitations of Make. (line 268)
* autoreconf:                            autoreconf Invocation.
                                                              (line   6)
* autoscan:                              autoscan Invocation. (line   6)
* Autotest:                              Using Autotest.      (line   6)
* AUTOTEST_PATH:                         testsuite Invocation.
                                                              (line  36)
* autoupdate:                            autoupdate Invocation.
                                                              (line   6)
* Back trace <1>:                        autoconf Invocation. (line  88)
* Back trace:                            autom4te Invocation. (line  84)
* Bash:                                  Shellology.          (line  39)
* Bash 2.05 and later:                   Shellology.          (line  45)
* BSD make and obj/:                     Limitations of Make. (line 178)
* Cache:                                 Caching Results.     (line   6)
* Cache variable:                        Cache Variable Names.
                                                              (line   6)
* Cache, enabling:                       configure Invocation.
                                                              (line  18)
* Command Substitution:                  Shell Substitutions. (line 153)
* Comments in Makefile rules:            Limitations of Make. (line 167)
* config.h:                              Configuration Headers.
                                                              (line   6)
* config.h.bot:                          acconfig.h.          (line   6)
* config.h.in:                           Header Templates.    (line   6)
* config.h.top:                          acconfig.h.          (line   6)
* config.status:                         config.status Invocation.
                                                              (line   6)
* config.sub:                            Specifying Names.    (line  48)
* Configuration Header:                  Configuration Headers.
                                                              (line   6)
* Configuration Header Template:         Header Templates.    (line   6)
* configure <1>:                         Running configure Scripts.
                                                              (line   6)
* configure:                             Making configure Scripts.
                                                              (line   6)
* configure.ac:                          Making configure Scripts.
                                                              (line  27)
* configure.in:                          Making configure Scripts.
                                                              (line  27)
* Copyright Notice:                      Notices.             (line  21)
* Darwin:                                Systemology.         (line  14)
* Declaration, checking:                 Declarations.        (line   6)
* dnl <1>:                               Macro Definitions.   (line  36)
* dnl:                                   Coding Style.        (line  42)
* double-colon rules and VPATH:          Limitations of Make. (line 229)
* Endianness:                            C Compiler.          (line 109)
* explicit rules, $<, and VPATH:         Limitations of Make. (line 257)
* FDL, GNU Free Documentation License:   GNU Free Documentation License.
                                                              (line   6)
* File, checking:                        Files.               (line   6)
* Function, checking:                    Particular Functions.
                                                              (line   6)
* Header, checking:                      Header Files.        (line   6)
* ifnames:                               ifnames Invocation.  (line   6)
* Includes, default:                     Default Includes.    (line   6)
* Instantiation:                         Output.              (line  13)
* Language:                              Language Choice.     (line   6)
* Library, checking:                     Libraries.           (line   6)
* Libtool:                               Libtool.             (line  14)
* Links:                                 Configuration Links. (line  12)
* Listing directories:                   Limitations of Usual Tools.
                                                              (line 290)
* M4sugar:                               Programming in M4sugar.
                                                              (line   6)
* Macro invocation stack <1>:            autoconf Invocation. (line  88)
* Macro invocation stack:                autom4te Invocation. (line  84)
* make -k:                               Limitations of Make. (line 199)
* make and SHELL:                        Limitations of Make. (line 133)
* Makefile rules and comments:           Limitations of Make. (line 167)
* Making directories:                    Limitations of Usual Tools.
                                                              (line 302)
* Messages, from autoconf:               Reporting Messages.  (line   6)
* Messages, from configure:              Printing Messages.   (line   6)
* Moving open files:                     Limitations of Usual Tools.
                                                              (line 307)
* obj/, subdirectory:                    Limitations of Make. (line 178)
* obstack:                               Particular Functions.
                                                              (line 230)
* package.m4:                            Making testsuite Scripts.
                                                              (line  12)
* POSIX termios headers:                 System Services.     (line  64)
* prerequisite directories and VPATH:    Limitations of Make. (line 373)
* Previous Variable:                     Setting Output Variables.
                                                              (line  44)
* Programs, checking:                    Alternative Programs.
                                                              (line   6)
* QNX 4.25:                              Systemology.         (line  28)
* quadrigraphs:                          Quadrigraphs.        (line   6)
* quotation <1>:                         M4 Quotation.        (line   6)
* quotation:                             Autoconf Language.   (line   6)
* Revision:                              Notices.             (line  29)
* Rule, Single Suffix Inference:         Limitations of Make. (line 484)
* Separated Dependencies:                Limitations of Make. (line 487)
* SHELL and make:                        Limitations of Make. (line 133)
* Single Suffix Inference Rule:          Limitations of Make. (line 484)
* Structure, checking:                   Structures.          (line   6)
* suffix rules, $<, and VPATH:           Limitations of Make. (line 236)
* Symbolic links:                        Limitations of Usual Tools.
                                                              (line 278)
* termios POSIX headers:                 System Services.     (line  64)
* test group:                            testsuite Scripts.   (line  12)
* testsuite <1>:                         testsuite Scripts.   (line   6)
* testsuite:                             testsuite Invocation.
                                                              (line   6)
* Tru64:                                 Systemology.         (line  35)
* undefined macro:                       New Macros.          (line   6)
* Unix version 7:                        Systemology.         (line  39)
* V7:                                    Systemology.         (line  39)
* Variable, Precious:                    Setting Output Variables.
                                                              (line  44)
* Version:                               Notices.             (line  10)
* VPATH:                                 Limitations of Make. (line 216)
* VPATH and automatic rule rewriting:    Limitations of Make. (line 268)
* VPATH and double-colon rules:          Limitations of Make. (line 229)
* VPATH and prerequisite directories:    Limitations of Make. (line 373)
* VPATH, explicit rules, and $<:         Limitations of Make. (line 257)
* VPATH, inference rules, and $<:        Limitations of Make. (line 236)
* VPATH, resolving target pathnames:     Limitations of Make. (line 397)
* Zsh:                                   Shellology.          (line  59)



Tag Table:
Node: Top2523
Node: Introduction17348
Ref: Introduction-Footnote-122187
Ref: Introduction-Footnote-222268
Ref: Introduction-Footnote-322362
Ref: Introduction-Footnote-422476
Node: The GNU Build System22551
Node: Automake23471
Node: Libtool25871
Node: Pointers27300
Ref: Pointers-Footnote-128614
Ref: Pointers-Footnote-228673
Ref: Pointers-Footnote-328732
Ref: Pointers-Footnote-428789
Ref: Pointers-Footnote-528931
Ref: Pointers-Footnote-629005
Ref: Pointers-Footnote-729077
Node: Making configure Scripts29152
Node: Writing configure.ac32192
Node: Shell Script Compiler33627
Node: Autoconf Language35900
Node: configure.ac Layout40532
Node: autoscan Invocation41936
Node: ifnames Invocation44438
Node: autoconf Invocation45638
Node: autoreconf Invocation50960
Node: Setup54605
Node: Initializing configure55866
Node: Notices57611
Node: Input59252
Node: Output60843
Node: Configuration Actions62849
Node: Configuration Files67468
Node: Makefile Substitutions68944
Node: Preset Output Variables70630
Node: Installation Directory Variables75714
Node: Build Directories81232
Node: Automatic Remaking82880
Node: Configuration Headers85039
Node: Header Templates87776
Node: autoheader Invocation89305
Node: Autoheader Macros92472
Node: Configuration Commands94676
Node: Configuration Links96126
Node: Subdirectories97548
Node: Default Prefix99992
Node: Existing Tests101414
Node: Common Behavior103132
Node: Standard Symbols103771
Node: Default Includes104348
Node: Alternative Programs106280
Node: Particular Programs106966
Node: Generic Programs112227
Node: Files116157
Node: Libraries117052
Node: Library Functions119950
Node: Function Portability120573
Node: Particular Functions124531
Node: Generic Functions138111
Node: Header Files142957
Node: Header Portability143590
Node: Particular Headers144441
Node: Generic Headers151990
Node: Declarations154427
Node: Particular Declarations155023
Node: Generic Declarations155247
Node: Structures157662
Node: Particular Structures158277
Node: Generic Structures159979
Node: Types161265
Node: Particular Types161785
Node: Generic Types163131
Node: Compilers and Preprocessors164544
Node: Specific Compiler Characteristics165626
Node: Generic Compiler Characteristics166765
Node: C Compiler167663
Node: C++ Compiler177116
Node: Fortran 77 Compiler179128
Node: System Services187701
Ref: System Services-Footnote-1190831
Node: UNIX Variants190922
Node: Writing Tests192347
Node: Language Choice194372
Node: Writing Test Programs196412
Node: Guidelines196997
Node: Test Functions198958
Node: Generating Sources200552
Node: Running the Preprocessor204412
Node: Running the Compiler207563
Node: Running the Linker208758
Node: Run Time210681
Node: Systemology213960
Ref: Systemology-Footnote-1215576
Ref: Systemology-Footnote-2215641
Ref: Systemology-Footnote-3215679
Ref: Systemology-Footnote-4215747
Ref: Systemology-Footnote-5215863
Node: Multiple Cases215932
Node: Results217267
Node: Defining Symbols218017
Node: Setting Output Variables221532
Node: Caching Results226133
Node: Cache Variable Names229817
Node: Cache Files231383
Node: Cache Checkpointing233413
Node: Printing Messages234786
Node: Programming in M4238296
Node: M4 Quotation239091
Node: Active Characters239936
Ref: Active Characters-Footnote-1241291
Node: One Macro Call241313
Node: Quotation and Nested Macros242876
Node: Changequote is Evil245843
Node: Quadrigraphs248379
Node: Quotation Rule Of Thumb250440
Node: Using autom4te253075
Ref: Using autom4te-Footnote-1253684
Node: autom4te Invocation253733
Node: Customizing autom4te262552
Node: Programming in M4sugar263796
Node: Redefined M4 Macros264404
Node: Evaluation Macros266540
Node: Forbidden Patterns267588
Node: Programming in M4sh268955
Node: Writing Autoconf Macros270387
Node: Macro Definitions271188
Node: Macro Names272968
Node: Reporting Messages275584
Node: Dependencies Between Macros276941
Node: Prerequisite Macros277565
Node: Suggested Ordering280311
Node: Obsoleting Macros281828
Node: Coding Style282949
Node: Portable Shell289976
Ref: Portable Shell-Footnote-1292352
Node: Shellology292420
Ref: Shellology-Footnote-1295958
Node: Here-Documents296054
Node: File Descriptors298254
Node: File System Conventions300408
Ref: File System Conventions-Footnote-1304509
Node: Shell Substitutions304583
Node: Assignments310655
Node: Special Shell Variables312536
Node: Limitations of Builtins319890
Node: Limitations of Usual Tools335677
Node: Limitations of Make353601
Node: Manual Configuration372521
Node: Specifying Names373350
Node: Canonicalizing375640
Node: Using System Type377897
Node: Site Configuration379705
Node: External Software380538
Node: Package Options383840
Node: Pretty Help Strings386708
Node: Site Details388699
Node: Transforming Names389934
Node: Transformation Options391018
Node: Transformation Examples391495
Node: Transformation Rules393216
Node: Site Defaults394762
Node: Running configure Scripts398683
Node: Basic Installation399697
Node: Compilers and Options402545
Node: Multiple Architectures403200
Node: Installation Names404199
Node: Optional Features405397
Node: System Type406181
Node: Sharing Defaults407503
Node: Defining Variables408141
Node: configure Invocation408820
Node: config.status Invocation409949
Node: Obsolete Constructs413905
Node: Obsolete config.status Use414857
Node: acconfig.h416629
Node: autoupdate Invocation418646
Node: Obsolete Macros420337
Node: Autoconf 1439735
Node: Changed File Names440801
Node: Changed Makefiles441557
Node: Changed Macros442650
Node: Changed Results443913
Node: Changed Macro Writing446025
Node: Autoconf 2.13447305
Node: Changed Quotation448514
Node: New Macros450398
Node: Hosts and Cross-Compilation452067
Node: AC_LIBOBJ vs LIBOBJS456407
Ref: AC_LIBOBJ vs LIBOBJS-Footnote-1458954
Node: AC_FOO_IFELSE vs AC_TRY_FOO459030
Node: Using Autotest461051
Node: Using an Autotest Test Suite463492
Node: testsuite Scripts463785
Node: Autotest Logs467707
Ref: Autotest Logs-Footnote-1470086
Node: Writing testsuite.at470326
Node: testsuite Invocation474112
Node: Making testsuite Scripts477206
Node: FAQ480654
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